Special  Literature 
of 
The  Old  Testament  - 

Syllabus  of  Dr.  Green's  Lectures 


BSII4I 
G79 


OF 


piS^ 


A 


^  AUG  20  1958 


SEP  1 8 1613 


SPECIAL  LITERATURE 


OF 


THE  OLD  TESTAMENT. 

'  '  S\XLABIS  OF  DR.'CREEN-S  LECTURES. 

B-inted  for  the  use  of  Students,  not  Published. 
.SOLD  ONLY  BY  WILLIAM  W.  SMITH,  BOOKSELLER, 

I'RINCETON,  N.  J. 


Entered  according  to  Act  ol  Congress,  in  the  year  1S6G,  by 

WILLIAM  W.  SMITH; 

In  the  Clerk's   Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United 

States,  for  the  District  ofiNew  Jersey. 


Blanchard's  Print,  Princeton. 


SPECIAL  LITERATURE  OF  OLD  TESTAMENT. 

MIDDLE     YEAR. 
I.     SUBJECT  DEFINED. 

0.  T.  Literature  ;  wider  and  narrower  sense  ;  related  to  Ex- 
egis,  History  and  Theology  of  0.  T.  Also  called  Introduc- 
tion to  0.  T, ;  designation  vague,  in  practice  limitations  arbi- 
trary ;  more  precisely  described  as  Historico-critical. 

A  branch  of  literature,  not  limited  by  nationality  (Jewish), 
nor  language  (Hebrew),  but  by  extent  of  canon  (0.  T.) 

General  and  special.  Presuppose  knowledge  of  divine  ori- 
gin of  0.  T.  Objected  ;  prejudice  critic's  impartiality.  But, 
^  necessary  to  appreciation  of  Bible  even  as  literary  phenome- 
non ;  ^  the  alleged  impartiality  is  a  prejudice  against  it ;  ^con- 
viction of  its  divinity  not  blindly  held,  but  confirmed  afresh  by 
critical  study. 

Three  Topics.  1.  Authorship  ;  2.  Integrity  ;  3.  Structure 
and  Relations.  I.  Authorship,  its  importance,  ascertained 
^  by  direct  statements  ;  -  incidental  evidence  ;  ^  testimony  of 
other  writers ;  *  our  Lord  and  N.  T. ;  ^  tradition  ;  ^  other  in- 
dications. Evidence  of  canonicity;  if  anonymous,  not  there- 
fore uncanonical ;  if  spurious,  necessarily  so.  II.  Integrity  ; 
meaning  and  importance,  discovered  by  criticism,  not  irrever- 
ent, nor  arbitrary  ;  a  ijosteriori  and  a  priori,  based  on  ^anach- 
ronisms ;  ^  inconsistent  with  what  is  known  of  the  author,  or 
^  with  its  place  in  the  book.  False  canons  ;  Prophecy  not  an 
anachronism  ;  miracles  not  disprove  record  by  eye-witness  ; 
vague  assertions  about  style  and  language  ;  not  necessary  ev- 
ery separate  paragraph  should  contain  independent  evidence 
of  genuineness  ;  unsupported  doubts  not  discredit  genuineness. 
III.  Structure :  design  and  plan  of  each  book  ;  connections  of 
its  parts.  Relations  :  to  antecedent  and  subsequent  books  and 
function  in  general  scheme  of  0.  T. 

II.     OLD  TESTAMENT. 

Should  general  or  special  precede  ?  Bible  not  a  mere  aggre- 
gate but  a  unit ;  not  uniform  but  an  organic  whole.  0.  <&  N. 
T.  agree  in  ^Inspiration  ;  ^same  system  ;  Acts  26  :  22  ;  Rom. 
3  :  21 ;  Gal.  3  :  14.  0.  and  N.  T.  differ  in  externals,  ^  lan- 
guage ;  ^  length  of  time ;  ^  before  and  after  Christ.  0.  and 
N.  T,  differ  internally,  ^  0.  T.  progressive  ;  varieties  in  N.  T. 
from  personality  of  different  writers,  but  not  progressive  ad- 
vance ;  ^0.  T.  inchoate;  not  derogatory  to  0.  T.  ;  perfectly 
answered  its  end,  Dt.  4:2;  incomplete  part  of  complete  whole. 


.*< 


0 

.?.Bli«1vn,  'by  hints  in   0.  T.,  Jer.  31 :  31 ;    declaration  of  N. 
'T.  "shadow/'  Heb.  10:1;  Col.  2  :  17  :   *'weak  and  beggarly 
elements,"  Gal  4:9;  N.  T.  "more  glorious,"  2  Cor.  3  :  6-11  ; 
Epistle  to  Hebrews  passim. 

Relation  of  0.  and  N.  T.  Different  views,  'no  relation, 
Manichees,  some  rationalists  ;  -  preparatory  as  Roman  and 
Greek  religions,  modern  philosophers  ;  negative  and  uncon- 
scious, and  positive  and  conscious  preparation.  Why  heathen 
more  than  Jews  embraced  gospel ;  ^  Identify  both  Testaments, 
allegorizers,  ultra  typologists  ;  *  true  view  ;  different  economies 
of  same  scheme  of  grace  ;  0.  T.  less  clear  and  full.  Divided 
by  advent ;  extra-redemptive  truths  with  equal  distinctness 
from  first — but  the  redemptive  are  progressive  and  so  are  all 
dependent  on  them,  as  incarnation,  trinity,  future  state.  Dis- 
tinction relative,  '  law  aad  gospel ;  ^  ritual  and  spiritual ; 
^  Holy  Spirit ;  '^  bondage  and  freedom  ;  ^  restricted  and  diffus- 
ed. Is  the  0.  T.  obligatory  now  ?  Rites  and  theocratic  insti- 
tutions abolished,  as  shewn  by  '  prophetic  intimations,  Jer. 
3  :  16  ;  Is.  66  :  21,  19  :  19  ;  Mai.  1:11;  ^  declarations  of  N. 
T.  Peter's  vision,  Acts  9  ;  council  Acts  15  ;  law  as  school- 
master. Gal.  3  :  2-1,  25  ;  5:  1,  2  ;  Peter  rebuked.  Gal.  2  :  11-21 
Epistle  to  Hebrews ;  ^  Apostolic  example,  Peter,  Paul  ; 
*  God's  providence.  As  a  revelation  of  God  of  perpetual  va- 
lidity, '  N.  T.,  Mat.  5:17;  John  5  :  39  ;  Rom.  15:4;  Eph. 
2  :  20  ;  2  Tim.  3:16;  2  Pet.  1  :  19  ;  ^  Laws  based  on  nature 
of  God ;  our  relation  as  creatures  ;  our  earthly  relations ; 
^  ceremonial  itself  still  valid  as  an  emblem  of  Christ.  Two 
modes  of  regarding  0.  T.,  'for  0.  T.  saints;  ^intention  of 
Spirit  and  meaning  for  us,  who  have  disclosures  of  N.  T. 

III.    TYPICAL  CHARACTER  OF  O.  T. 

Direct  and  Indirect  preparation  for  N.  T.  in  Prophecies  and 
Types.  "Types,''  1  Cor.  10:11,  marg.  tupos  from  tupto  ; 
'  mark  John  20  :  25  ;  ^  pattern,  Heb.  8  :  5  ;  1  Tim.  4  :  12  ; 
^  image,  or  form.  Acts  7  :  43  ;  23  :  25  ;  *  technical  sense  prefig- 
uration,  Rom.  5  :  14  ;  1  Cor.  10  :  6,  11.  Type  conformed  to 
future  object,  or  itself  the  pattern;  antitype  1.  Pet.  3  :  21. 

Type  and  symbol :  illustrate  by  sacrifices  and  temple  ;  alle- 
gory, myth,  legend.  Existence  of  types  in  0.  T.  univer- 
sally admitted  by  believei  s  in  its  divine  origin  :  proved  by 
'express  statement  of  N.  T.  ;  ^  resemblances  between  objects 
of  0.  and  N.  T. ;  ^analogies  in  nature  ;  ^same  scheme,  0.  T. 
preparatory,  N.  T.  its  complement ;  ^permanent  factors  in 
this  scheme  ;  nature  of  man,  character  of  God,  his  plan  of 
grace,  1  John  3  :  12,  13  ;  Gal.  4  :  29  ;  deliverance  from  Egypt 
and  sin;  "^purpose  of  the  scheme  for  0.  T.  times  ;  'for  period 
of  transition  and  later  times. 


IV.     EXTENT  OF  TYPES. 

The  Fathers,  allegories  (including  types,  comp.  Gal.  4 :  24), 
no  general  theory  but  particular  interpretations  as  if  anything 
in  0.  T.  might  signify  anything  in  N.  T.  which  it  resembled 
in  any  respect.  Rahab's  scarlet  line,  four  lepers  of  Samaria, 
twelve  oxen  of  Elisha,  David  and  Bathsheba. 

Reformers  discriminate  types  from  allegories,  school  of  Cpc- 
ceius.  Cur  Christus  Quadratus?  Errors,  ^confined  to  details, 
2  no  clear  idea  of  typical  relation.  Opposite  extreme  :  1.  De- 
ny there  are  types,  2.  Bish.  Marsh  :  admit  only  those  expressly 
declared  to  be  types  in  N.  T.  But  ^  N.  T.  not  profess  to  en- 
umerate all  the  types,  -  those  incidentally  mentioned  have 
nothing  in  common  as  distinguished  from  other  objects  of  0. 
T.  to  account  for  these  alone  being  types,  ^  Typology  thus 
lose  all  its  interest  and  importance,  *  unfounded  assumption, 
^  destroy  the  meaning  and  value  of  much  of  0.  T.  3.  Typi 
innati  and  illati.  Serviceable  as  a  transition,  but  unsatisfac- 
tory, 1  admits  more  types,  and  ^ confesses  underlying  princi- 
ples ;  but  ^  still  matter  of  details,  ^  resting  on  mere  authority 
with  no  thorough  investigation  of  its  rational  basis. 

True  view  :  Bengel's,  character  of  individual  objects  deter- 
mined by  entire  scheme,  the  whole  preparatory  and  prefigura- 
tive.  This  view  self-evidencing,  also  proved,  ^  by  practice  of 
sacred  writers,  ^their  comprehensive  statements,  Heb.  10 :  1, 
Gal.  3  :  24  ;  4  :  1-5  ;  1  Cor.  10  :  11,  Rom.  15  : 4  ;  =^  resemblance 
between  objects  of  two  Testaments. 

V.     SCHEME    OF  0.  T.  TYPES. 

Present  and  prospective  aims  of  0.  T.  furthered  by  the  same 
means— the  whole,  therefore,  preparatory  for  N.  T.,  as  though 
no  other  end.  Two  lines  of  preparation  :  by  utterances  and 
objects. 

,    ,r     ,    ,  f  Direct— Prophecy 

1.  Verbal,        { i^direct-Doctriue. 

f^        ,  /Ritual. 

Legal,  I  Theocratic. 

2.  Real  —  Tvpes,       <  rP-r^nns! 

All  has  either,  ^  proceeded  from  revealing  Spirit,  or  ^  been 
guided  by  superintending  Providence,  Human  persons  and  acts 
imperfect  ;  Moses,  Aaron,  Solomon,  Samson,  the  Kings  ;  sins 
types  only  of  corruption  and  kingdom  of  darkness.  As  recor- 
ded in  inspired  word,  typical  made  prominent ;  Israel  in  Egypt : 
omissions  significant ;  Melchizedek,  Heb.  vii,  8.  Legal  Types 
as  instituted  of  God,  perfect :  as  performed  by  men,  imperfect. 
Divine  utterances  and  acts,  perfect  types.  Interpretation  of 
types :  need  of  fixed  principles  ;  type  not  directly  represent  its 


antitype,  but  through  medium  of  a  common  idea.  Otherwise 
convey  no  instruction  to  those  living  under  the  0.  T.  itself. 
^  They  have  no  means  of  knowing  the  features  of  resemblance, 
which  often  so  remote  and  obscure  as  to  be  of  little  use  if  they 
were  known.  ^  Instruction  so  given  not  simple  but  difficult — 
require  inspired  commentary.  ^With  all  the  aid  of  fulfilment, 
endless  doubt  and  disagreement.  Natural  method  of  instruc- 
tion, first  familiarize  with  truth  in  lower  forms. 

Yet  features  of  external  similitude  superadded  as  indexes. 
So  Melchizedek,  Joshua.  Each  class  of  types  has  a  specific 
design ;  ritual,  theocratic,  human,  divine :  and  all  meet  in 
Christ.  Positive  and  negative  types.  The  same  object  in  0. 
T.  may  typify  more  than  one  object  in  N.  T.  ^When  the  idea 
is  realized  successively,  the  exodus  :  or  in  different  forms— the 
temple;  "  distinct  ideas  separately  realized— the  flood.  1  Pet. 
iii,  21 ;  2  Pet.  ii,  2,  5.  Types  necessarily  inadequate,  hence 
multiplied  :  what  belongs  to  a  complete  typology.  Not  every 
particular  in  a  type  significant ;  wood  of  tabernacle,  rings  of 
ark,  snuffers  of  candlestick  ;  how  distinguish  what  is  signifi- 
cant. 

VI.  POSITION  OF  TYPES  IN  PLAN  OF  0.  T. 

Only  redemptive  doctrines  progressively  revealed  and  this 
progress  regulated  by  prophecies  of  Messiah  :  hence  sufficient 
to  consider  relation  of  types  to  prophecies. 

I.  Types  implicit,  prophecies  explicit ;  specific  function  of 
each.  Three  stages  in  understanding  types  ;  ^  purely  external, 
their  literal  or  ritual  value  ;  ^symbolical;  ^typical.  Illustrate 
from  sacrifices.  Were  types  understood  in  0.  T.  times?  Prob- 
ably different  grades  of  knowledge  in  different  generations  and 
di'icrent  persons.  Many  not  known  to  be  types  or  misinter- 
preted. Yet  ^  general  knowledge  of  prospective  character 
of  0.  T.  ^  Unsatisfying  nature  of  types  in  themselves.  ^Par- 
tial interpretation  in  0.  T.  Melchizedek,  Ps.  110,  Joshua, 
Ps.,  95.  Sin-offering,  Isa..  53.  *  Express  statements  of  N. 
T.  Abraham,  Heb,,  xi,  14.  II.  Chronological  succession ; 
types  as  more  obscure  precede.  III.  Contemporaneous  rela- 
lation,  not  precise  equality  in  all  periods,  but  coordinate  and 
connected  parts  of  same  scheme  of  instruction.  IV.  Mutual 
dependence.  ^  Prophecy  predict  type,  temporal  good,  return 
from  Babylon;  removal  of  evil,  fall  of  Babylon,  Nineveh,  &c., 
^  type  suggest  prophecy,  Moses,  Deut.  xviii,  15  ;  David  and 
Solomon  in  Psalms,  Sin-offering,  Isa.,  53.  V.  Types,  like 
prophecies  of  0.  T.,  not  ^  exclusive  relation  to  N.  T. ;  Exodus 
and  Babylon,  (Isaiah) ;  wilderness  and  dispersion  among  Gen- 
tiles, (Ezekiel) ;  Moses  and  prophets,  (Deut.) ;  judges  and  other 
deliverers,  (Obadiah) ;  nor  ^  cease  with  close  of  0.  T. ;  primi- 


tive  and  universal  church  ;  grace  and  glory  :  Christ  and  his 
people.  VI.  No  types  or  prophecies  in  heathen  world  ;  their 
positive  preparation  for  Christ  not  spiritual  but  only  forms  of 
worldly  culture  ;  negative  showing  insufficiency  of  human  sys- 
tems. Yet  blind  gropings  and  cravings  of  human  heart  for 
which  Christ  the  only  adequate  satisfaction.  Incarnation,  Son 
of  God  and  son  of  man,  freedom,  universal  empire. 

VII.     STRUCTURE  OF  THE  0.  T. 

Orderly  structure  of  S.  S.  not  discredited,  but  confirmed  by 
being  viewed  on  their  human  side,  their  divine  side,  on  both 
combined.  Details  must  be  classified.  Functions  of  individ- 
ual books,  Isaiah,  &c..  Psalms,  Solomon's.  Group  books  by 
1  accidents  of  language  (0.  &  N.  T.  0.  T.  itself);  ^  official 
status  of  writers  (Masoretic)  ;  ^  locality,  (out  of  Palestine, 
whole  country,  Kingdoms  of  Israel  and  Judah),  *time,  ^style. 

Two  methods  of  studying  structure.  I.  Proceed  from  the 
beginning  ;  0.  T.  Scheme  of  training.  1 .  Law  with  its  histor- 
ical introduction.  2.  National  application  and  expansion  in 
history,  under  providential  guidance.  3.  Individual  appropri- 
ation and  expansion  in  poetry,  under  inspired  direction.  4. 
Objective  enforcement  and  expansion  by  God's  immediate  mes- 
sengers in  prophecy.  II.  Survey  from  the  end,  which  is  Christ, 
Advantages,  ^convergence  of  all  to  one  end,  -Christ  prominent, 
^' unity  given  to  S.  S.  and  to  all  studies.  0.  T.  preparatory 
everywhere  but  not  in  equal  measure  —  periods  of  activity  and 
of  repose  preliminary  to  fresh  activity;  distinctive  character, 
complete  each  other:  negative  and  positive.  Three  pairs  of 
periods. 

1.  Call  of  Abraham  to  death  of  Joshua,      '\ 

2.  To  death  of  Solomon,  [      Transfer  to  0.  T.  books. 

3.  To  close  of  0.  T  ,  J 

Related  to  preceding  division  :  ^history  partitioned  :  ^limits 
of  sections.  Relation  of  sections:  individual  and  national, 
"number  of  organs,  ^mode  of  instruction,  ^offices  of  Christ. 

VIII.  HISTORICAL  BOOKS  OF  0.  T. 
Proportion  of  history  in  each  section  of  0.  T.  History, 
^preliminary  to  and  framework  of  revelations,  ^itself  instruct- 
ive, ^basis  of  doctrines.  Three  methods  of  study,  periodolog- 
ical,  biographical,  bibliographical.  Historical  books,  like  poet- 
ical and  prophetical  so  called  from  prevailing  character.  Sev- 
enteen books,  ^constitute  ten  works,  -continuous  history  in  fact 
and  form,  ^begin  with  and  (Heb.)  names  from  subject  and  in 
three  cases  also  author.  Numbered  and  classified,  17  books, 
10  works,  ancient  catalogues  14  or  12.  Masorites.  Dr.  Alexan- 
der (3  Pentateuchs),  3  Preparatory  Periods,  3  Triplets  or 
Trilogies     excluding   the   Pentateuch.     Several    anonymous  : 


6 

Pentateuch  nnd  Joshua  use  3d  person  :  Ezra  and  Nehemiah 
use  1st  and  3d.  Not  so  prophets  :  diifer  in  respect  to  ^authen- 
tication, ^attitude  of  the  writer.      Repeated  in  N.  T. 

Credibility  of  historian  ;  two  criteria,  illustrate  from  Homer 
and  Livy.  I.  Purpose  to  relate  facts,  a  Books  purport  to  be 
histories,  h  else  guilty  of  fraud,  which  both  incredible,  and 
c  impracticable.  2.  Means  of  knowing  the  facts  a  written  by 
contemporaries,  h  in  possession  of  official  records  or  prexisting 
writincs,  c  popular  tradition,  d  corroborated  by  agreement  of 
sacred  writer.^  and  profane  sources,  e  sanction  of  inspiration. 
Supernatural  narratives  not  discredit  0.  T.  history,  ^why  they 
discredit  profane  history,  ^  such  events  not  impossible,  ^  not 
improbable  in  a  supernatural  revelation,  *  so  recorded  in  0. 
and  N.  T.  as  to  give  highest  measure  of  credibility. 

IX.     AUTHORSHIP  OP  PENTATEUCH. 

Pentateuch  claims  to  have  been  written  by  Moses  :  ^  He  re- 
corded various  individual  transactions  found  therein,  ^  "  the 
book"  repeatedly  spoken  of,  ^express  declaration,  Deut.  81  :9, 
24-26.  This  claim  cannot  be  false.  I.  Not  merely  a  record 
of  notorious  facts,  or  a  sacred  and  canonical  book,  but  the  con- 
stitution and  laws  of  Israel.  II.  Testimony  to  its  existence 
and  authorship.  In  historical  books  :  mention  of  the  volume 
and  its  author,  reference  to  its  statements  or  implication  of 
their  truth,  citations  of  or  allusions  to  its  language.  So  Poet- 
ical books.  Prophets.  These  cannot  be  interpolations.  III. 
Kingdom  of  ten  tribes,  prove  it  prior  to  schism  and  undeniably 
authentic  then.  Argument  from  Samaritan  Pentateuch  ol 
doubtful  validity.  Prophets  of  ten  tribes  and  history  of 
schism :  ceremonial,  prophetic  denunciations,  historical  facts, 
language  and  ideas.  IV.  Institutions  and  primeval  history 
complete  from  time  of  Moses  ;  no  trace  of  subsequent  adoption 
or  growth.  IV.  No  period  when  Pentateuch  could  have  origi- 
nated, not  in  time  of  Judges,  of  David  and  Solomon,  during 
the  schism,  in  the  exile  or  after  it.  VI.  Testimony  of  our 
Lord  and  his  apostles.  VII.  Universally  ascribed  to  Moses 
from  the  earliest  periods  :  doubts  not  traditional  but  skeptical. 
VIII.  Compatibility  with  circumstances  of  its  alleged  origin, 
^  art  of  writing,  *  language,  ■'  unity  of  the  law,  *  Egyptian 
relations,  ^  prescriptions  belonging  to  the  wilderness,  ''profane 
traditions. 

X.    UNITY  OF  THE  PENTATEUCH. 

Objections  to  Mosaic  authorship  affect,  ^  the  form  (deny 
nnity)^  -  the  contents  of  Pentateuch  (inaccuracies,  contra- 
dictions, anachronisms.) 

Assertion  of  unity  not  deny  written  sources  but  that  its  text 
is  compacted   from  distinct  and   still    distinguishable  composi- 


tions.  Conjecture  of  ant'.'-Mosaic  records  long  ago  expressed 
but  partition-hypotheses  of  modern  date.  These  rest  ^  on  al- 
ternate use  of  names  Elohim  and  Jehovah  in  successive  sections, 

*  continuity  of  each  class  of  sections  separately,  ^  repetitions 
or  parallel  sections  as  in  creation  or  flood,  *  diversity  of  style, 
(e,  g.  'earth'  and  'field',  'create'  and  'form'),  ideas  (e.  g,  sacri- 
fice, clean  animals)  and  aim. 

I.  Documentary  hypothesis,  first  applied  to  Genesis  only. 
Astruc,  Eichhorn,  not  conflict  with  Mosaic  origin.  But  soon 
extended  to  rest  of  Pentateuch,  anachronism  of  Jehovah- 
document  argued  from  Ex.  6:3,  others  suspected.  Contradic- 
tions in  passages  alleged  to  be  parallel,  e.g.,  genealogies  of 
Cain  and  Seth,  Abram  and  his  wife,  Beersheba.  Self-destruct- 
ive, resulting  in  II.  The  fragmentary  hypothesis,  not  estab- 
lished by  titles  and  subscriptions.  ^  This  hypothesis  may  be 
regarded  as  a  reduetio  ad  ahsurdum  of  the  partition  theory, 
2  may  be  applied    to  any  work,  ^  assumes  extensive  literature, 

*  no  connected  history  could  be  so  prepared,  ^  allusions  from 
one  partio  another. 

XI.  UNITY  OF  THE  PENTATEUCH.  (Continued.) 
III.  Supplementary  hypothesis,  reaction  in  the  right  direc- 
tion. This  admits  and  explains  the  evidences  of  unity  allowed 
by  documentary  hypothesis,  and  also  Jehovah-related  to 
Elohim-sections,  but  ^  fails  to  account  for  allusions  in  Elohim- 
to  Jehovah-passages,  ^  contradictory  assumptions  necessary  in 
regard  to  the  Jehovist.  '  Arguments  insufiicient,  1.  Alternation 
of  divine  names  :  most  remarkable  in  Genesis  and  particularly 
in  earliest  portions.  Same  writer  might  use  both  names,  in- 
termingled in  almost  every  book  of  Bible.  But  here  alleged 
a  they  alternate  in  successive  sections  ;  but  it  is  impossible  so 
to  divide  sections  as  to  correspond  precisely  with  divine  names 
hence  interchange  depends  on  something  else  than  diversity  of 
■writers,  assumption  of  interpolation  brings  hypothesis  to 
support  hypothesis,  h  Ex.  6 :  3,  but  ^  if  name  'Jehovah'  origin- 
ated then,  might  still  use  the  name  in  the  history  of  the  pa- 
triarchs, 2  if  contradiction  and  expunging  process  necessary, 
simpler  to  erase  this  verse  than  half  of  Genesis,  ^  writer  of  this 
verse  could  have  seen  no  contradiction,  *  not  name  '  Jehovah' 
previously  unknown,  but  its  meaning  to  be  unfolded  as  never 
before.  'Elohim'  and  'Jehovah'  distinct  in  derivation  and 
usage.  Parallel  case,  Jacob  and  Israel.  2.  Continuity  of 
Elohim-document  supposititious,  ^  often  implies  the  contents  of 
intervening  Jehovah  sections,  e.  g.,  the  fall,  ^  paragraphs  may 
frequently  be  thrown  out  from  any  work,  without  the  chasm 
being  manifest.  3.  Parallel  sections,  ^  many  that  are  alleged, 
really  distinct   events,  ^  not  simple  repetitions  but  under  dif- 


ferent  aspect  or  for  another  purpose,  •'  more  frequent  in  He- 
brew and  oriental  writings  generally  than  with  us,  *  like  re- 
petitions occur  in  each  of  the  documents  individually  taken. 
4.  Difference  of  style  and  ideas,  ^  first  created,  then  argued 
from,  2  proofs  factitious  and  can  be  applied  to  any  book, 
^  theory  mechanical,  choice  of  words  determined  by  their  ap- 
propriateness, not  by  difference  of  writers,  *  criteria  of  style 
conflicting,  ^  distinction  in  divine  names  induces  diversity  of 
ideas. 

These  various  hypotheses  exhaust  the  possibilities  of  the 
case.  Baseless  but  not  fruitless,  ^  they  afford  a  demonstration 
that  such  a  partition  is  impossible,  ^  led  to  development  of 
positive  evidence  of  unity,  ^  investigations  made  for  this  chim- 
erical purpose  converted  to  elucidation  and  vindication  of  Pen- 
tateuch. 

XIT.     CONTENTS  UNMOSAIC. 

Alleged  ^  false  and  incredible  statements,  ^  contradictions, 
3  anachronisms.  These  ^  concern  matters  of  inferior  moment, 
s  their  combined  presentation  exaggerates  the  importance  of 
their  number  and  strength,  apt  to  be  counted  rather  than 
weighed,  advantages  of  considering  them  in  their  proper  place 
in  the  consecutive  study  of  each  book.  ^  Difficulties  frequently 
created  by  our  ignorance.  ^Positive  proofs  of  Mosaic  author- 
ship not  to  be  left  out  of  view.  ^  Even  if  it  could  be  shown 
that  a  few  passages  were  not  from  the  pen  of  Moses,  this  not 
discredit  his  authorship  of  Pentateuch  as  a  whole.  Interpola- 
tions in  many  ancient  books  ;  may  have  been  authoritatively 
supplied  by  Ezra.  Yet  not  to  be  admitted  without  necessity. 
Illustrate  from  Gen.  xxxvi,  31  ;  kingdom  in  Israel  alluded  to, 
but  as  expected,  not  as  existing.  Moses  might  so  speak  of  it, 
for  ^promised  to  the  patriarchs,  Gen,  xvii,  6,  16,  xxxv,  11, 
xlix,  10,  ^  again  by  Balaam,  Num.  xxiv,  7,  17,  ^  provided  for 
by  Moses,  Deut.  xvii,  14,  *  involved  in  complete  national 
organization.  Natural  to  remark,  Esau  had  Kings,  and  Jacob 
the  heir  of  promise,  as  yet  had  none.  Nothing  to  show  that 
the  kings  named  were  posterior  to  Mosaic  age. 

Scientific  objections  affect  inspiration  and  authority  of  Pen- 
tateuch rather  than  Mosaic  authorship :  though  these  connected. 
Chiefly  in  the  first  seven  chapters  of  Genesis,  narrating  origin 
of  world,  man,  nations,  languages,  &c.  Contact  with  Geology, 
Astronomy,  Ethnology,  Philology,  Chronology,  &c.,  1.  Not 
design  of  Bible  to  teach  or  to  anticipate  physical  science.  2.  Its 
authority  independent  of  scientific  deductions  resting  on  its  own 
evidence.  3.  Bible  the  word  of  God,  physical  science  based  on 
his  works,  each  supreme  in  its  own  domain,  and  neither  can 
contradict  the  other.  4.  Though  science  has  not  reached  its 
last  results,  enough  is  already  ascertained,  to  show  that  what- 


ever   they  may  be,  they  can  be  satisfactorily  harmonized  -with 
Scripture. 

XIII.     ETHNOLOGICAL  REGISTER.     Gex.  Cu.  X. 

Exhibits  not  relationship  of  individuals  but  of  nations.  *  De- 
sign of  chap.  vs.  5,  20,  31,  32.  .2^  Plural  and  Gentile  form 
of  some  names,  vs.  13-18.  ^Others  occur  as  names  of  nations 
or  communities.  Even  such  as  are  individual  appear  here  as 
ancestors  or  heads  of  tribes  or  nations,  as  Canaan,  etc.  Other 
Scriptural  examples  of  name  of  ancestor  given  to  tribe  or  na- 
tion springing  from  him.  Roman  and  Greek  mythical  person- 
ages prove  antiquity  of  usage.  *  Otherwise  devoid  of  meaning 
and  value.  ^  Plan  of  Genesis,  exhibit  divergent  lines  of  de- 
scent before  tracing  chosen  seed.      ''So  universally  understood. 

Sources.  I.  Not  immediate  revelation,  ^contrary  to  analogy 
of  Scripture,  ^of  other  Scriptural  genealogies.  II.  Not  myth- 
ical, ^no  inconsistencies  or  variations,  -  not  local  or  national. 
Alleged  tendency  to  exalt  Israel  as  descended  from  eldest  son  of 
Noah.  But  ^ makes  all  men  brethren.  ^  Question  whether 
Shem  was  eldest :  10  :  21  is  ambiguous  ;  usual  order  of  names  not 
decisive,  9  :  2-4  ;  5  :  32  comp.  with  11  :  10  ;  certainly  no  stress 
laid  on  his  primogeniture,  comp.  also  Isaac  and  Jacob.  ^Elam 
and  Asshur  10  :  22,  older  than  Arphaxad.  Precisely  seventy 
names,  symbolical  but  not  mythical,  designed  yet  not  untruth- 
ful, correspondence  with  Jacob's  family.  Gen.  46  :  27.  Refer- 
red to  Deut.  32 :  8  ;  seventy  elders,  tradition.  New  Testament. 
III.  Not  scientific  deduction.  IV.  Primeval  family  registers 
and  national  traditions.  Age,  internal  grounds  not  adequate, 
^  most  probable  period  of  preparation.  Knobel  time  of  Solo- 
mon. That  of  Moses  better.  Incidental  proofs  of  antiquity. 
^  Its  position  in  Genesis  uncontradicted.  Difficulties  in  inter- 
pretation arising  from  antiquity,  lack  of  contemporaneous  in- 
formation, imperfection  of  other  and  later  accounts,  change  of 
names  and  location,  diversity  of  language.  Aids.  ^Tradition. 
''Tenacity  of  names,  etymology  ?  ^  Particulars  sought  for  un- 
der generals,  unknown  determined  by  what  is  known. 

XIV.  PLAN  AND  CONTENTS  OF  PENTATEUCH. 
Names  :  Law,  Law  of  Moses,  Pentateuch.  Five-fold  di- 
vision, 'obvious  and  natural,/^repeated  in  the  Psalms  :  thought 
by  some  to  be  original,  others  to  proceed  from  lxx.  Current 
names  of  books,  in  Hebrew,  in  German  of  Luther.  Duodeci- 
mal division,  books  of  generations.  Titles  of  sections,  'regular- 
ity, ^uniformity,  ^continued  series,  ^appropriateness,  ^signif- 
icance of  total  number  :  not  mere  headings  of  genealogies  but 
the  historv  ffenealomcal. 


10 

Theme,  the  establishing  of  Israel  as  the  people  of  God.  I. 
History,  positive  creation  of  the  people,  and  negative  segrega- 
tion from  other  nations,  Gen.  1 — Ex.  19.  II.  Legislation  by 
•which  made  and  organized  as  people  of  God,  Ex.  20 — Deut. 
84.  I.  History  not  only  precedent  to  but  preparatory  for  the 
law.  ^  General  drift,  ^  prominent  individual  persons  or  facts. 
Gen.  1-11,  preliminary,  antediluvian  and  Noachic,  their  func- 
tion, negatively  exhibit  needs,  positively  ideas  of  ^holiness, 
''salvation,  ^covenant  and  laws,  ^segregation.  Gen.  12-Ex.  19, 
preparatory.  Family,  the  promise,  covenant  and  its  seal,  segre- 
gation. Purpose  of  descent  into  Egypt,  the  promise,  transition 
to  nation.  Preparation  for  Exodus,  ^negative,  oppression, 
2  positive,  human  instrument  Moses,  and  divine  agency  plagues. 
Actual  Exodus  and  march  to  Sinai.  II.  Legislation,  ^  at  Mt. 
Sinai  one  year,  ^  in  Paran,  period  of  wandering,  ^  in  plains  of 
Moab  prior  to  death  of  Moses.  Priestly  organization  :  but  in 
Melchizedek,  promise  to  Judah  and  directions,  Dt.  17  :  14-20, 
anticipation  of  kingdom  to  be  developed  in  next  period.  Pro- 
phetic office  belonging  to  last  period  promised  and  provided 
for,  Deut.  18  :  15. 

XV.     NATURE  AND  DESIGN  OF  THE  MOSAIC  LAW. 

Not  a  civil  code,  its  omissions,  objection  from  this  source, 
divine  imposition  of  such  a  code  not  necessary  nor  desirable. 
Not  supplementary  civil  enactments,  ^  many  beyond  and  above 
the  sphere  of  the  civil  magistrate,  -general,  not  specific,  ^pen- 
alty and  reward  directly  from  God.  Not  distinct  codes,  politi- 
cal, moral  and  ceremonial.  Particulars  might  be  so  classified, 
but  all  form  one  law  of  God,  all  religious.  Ritual  worship  the 
centre  of  the  whole,  expressing  the  reciprocal  relations  of  God 
and  man  in  most  direct  manner.  Objection  to  its  external 
character.  ^  Diff'ers  from  N.  T.  only  in  degree.  ^  The  forms 
to  express  and  foster  spiritual  religion.  ^No  forms  of  prayer,  not 
that  this  was  undervalued,  but  not  to  fetter  utterances  of  heart. 
Interpretations.  I.  Materialistic.  But  this  ^opposed  to  Moses' 
teaching  of  spirituality  of  God,  ^then  no  religion,  ^degraded 
beneath  the  heathen,  *not  so  understood  by  people.  II.  Ultra- 
typical,  immediate  and  sole  design  to  represent  objects  of  N. 
T.  It  is  typical.  ^  Whole  0.  T.  is  so  and  this  especially.  *N. 
T.  is  but  the  developement  of  0.  T.  ^  Express  statements  of 
N.  T.  Error  in  making  it  represent  objects  rather  than  truths, 
and  this  mostly  at  random  without  fixed  principles,  overlook 
design  for  people  of  0.  T.  III.  Symbolic  of  religious  truths  or 
ideas. 

Similarity  to  heathen  forms.  ^  Heathen  not  borrowed  from 
Mosaic,  nor  ^  Mosaic  from  heathen,  nor  '"'developed  out  of  them, 
*  but    both    alike   symbolical   and  express  wants  of  human  na- 


11 

ture  as  interpreted  by  God  and  by  man  himself.  Radical  prin- 
ciples antagonistic.  Ritual  also,  ^barrier  of  intercommunica- 
tion, ^  imposing  and  attractive,  ^  carry  distinction  of  sacred  and 
profane  into  ordinary  matters,  ^awaken  sense  of  sin,  ^  yoke  of 
bondage  and  thus  prepare  for  freedom  of  gospel. 

XYI.  THE  TABERNACLE. 
Regulations  of  Divine  worship.  Four  heads  :  sacred  places, 
persons,  actions,  times.  Tabernacle,  its  dimensions,  divisions, 
use.  Significance  not  merely  in  the  ritual  but  in  the  structure, 
*its  arrangements  and  plan,  "minute  directions,  ^made  after 
the  pattern  in  the  mount.  Different  views,  I.  Palace  of  God 
as  Israel's  King  in  gross  material  sense,  which  inconsistent 
Muth  spirituality  of  God,  or  in  ideal  sense.  But,  ^not  modell- 
ed after  earthly  palaces,  ^detailed  directions,  ^pattern  in  the 
mount.  II.  Building  represent  heaven  and  court  the  earth, 
a  Rabbinic  notion  of  a  literal  tabernacle  in  heaven,  h  Material 
universe,  so  Philo,  Josephus,  some  rabbins  and  modern  inter- 
preters, ^no  such  intimation  in  S.  S.,  ^  nature  worship  like 
heathen,  -'objects  forbidden  to  be  worshipped  or  represented, 
Manasseh's  sin,  "* contain  no  truths  properly  Mosaic,  c  Spiritual 
sense,  'same  expressions  to  denote  tabernacle  and  heaven, 
^Solomon's  prayer,  ■'^Heb.  6:20;  8:2;  9:11-24.  ButHhis 
confounds  symbol  and  type,  =  God  dwelt  in  both  but  in  difierent 
senses.  III.  Human  nature,  body,  soul  and  spirit,  extrava- 
gance to  which  it  has  been  carried,  confounds  symbol  and  type. 
IV.  True  view  inferred,  'from  general  names,  'house',  'taber- 
nacle', 'dwelling  place',  ^expressions  used  respecting  it,  ^char- 
acter and  use  of  the  structure,  *more  specific  names,  tent  of 
meeting,  of  testimony,  sanctuary. 

XVII.  THE  HOLY  OF  HOLIES. 
Divisions  representing  three  stages  of  approach  to  God,  to 
be  successively  realized.  Relation  of  furniture  in  the  two 
apartments.  Furniture  of  most  holy  place.  Two  views,  I. 
Law  covered  and  silenced  by  mercy  seat.  But  'God  in  par- 
doning covers  sin,  not  his  law,  ^book  of  law  not  covered, 
^Capporeth  does  not  mean  'cover'  but  propitiatory,  mercy  seat. 
II.  God's  covenant,  kept  in  ark  as  precious  treasure  and  basis 
of  his  throne,  which  is  also  a  throne  of  grace  where  God  re- 
veals himself  and  pardons  sin  by  sacrifice.  Cherubim,  how 
described  here  and  by  Ezekiel,  their  constituents  (compound 
mythological  figures  of  Egypt  and  Assyria),  represent  most 
exalted  creatures  :  forms  not  real  but  ideal  shown  by  diversi- 
ties. Meaning  argued,  'from  Gen.  3  :  24,  nheir  proximity  to 
throne  of-  God,  ^ their  position  on  the  ark  and  in  the  taberna- 
cle,   *1  Pet.  1:12.     Their  material,  posture,  connection  with 


12 

mercy  seat.     Most  lioly  place  a  cube,  number  10,  closed,  no 
artificial  liglit,  Shekinah  permanent,  ceased  at  captivity. 

XVIII.    THE  HOLY  PLACE  AND  THE  COURT. 

Furniture  of  holy  place.  Bahr's  view,  life,  light  and  Spirit 
of  God.  Properly  represent  not  what  proceeds  from  God,  but 
what  his  people  render  to  him.  Incense  a  symbol  of  prayer, 
Ps.  141  :  2,  Eev.  5  :  8  ;  8  :  3,  4,  Luke  1  ;  10,  Num.  16  :  46. 
To  'burn  incense'  is  to  offer  worship,  so  understood  among  the 
heathen  and  universally  in  the  church.  Candlestick  is  the 
church  as  enlightened  and  luminous,  Rev.  1 :  12,  20,  Zech. 
4,  Matt.  5:14,  16,  Fed  with  oil,  symbol  of  Holy  Spirit  as 
source  of  knowledge,  holiness  and  joy.  Shewbread  an  offering 
to  Lord  from  their  toil  and  their  means  of  subsistence,  symbol 
of  devotion  of  their  labour  and  their  lives.  Number  12,  in- 
cense laid  on  it,  renewed  every  Sabbath,  eaten  by  priests, 
God's  servants  fed  at  his  table.  David  and  his  men  allowed  to 
eat  it,  ceremonial  yielded  to  a  higher  necessity. 

Are  the  articles  of  furniture  significant  per  se  ?  Extreme 
views,  ^candlestick  so  declared  but  not  the  others,  ^altar  must 
have  same  radical  signification  as  that  in  court,  ^candlestick 
elaborately  made,  7  branches,  buds,  flowers  and  almonds, 
*  candlestick  agent  in  producing  light,  altar  and  table  but  the 
place  of  presentation. 

Furniture  of  Court.  Brazen  altar,  frame  containing  earth 
or  unhewn  stone  ;  elevation  of  earth  toward  heaven.  So  wor- 
ship on  mountains,  Abraham,  Moses,  heathen.  Dii  inferi  of- 
ferings in  trench.  To  offer  in  Heb.  is  to  lift  up  :  altare  from 
alius,  Ex.  20  :  24.  One  place  of  expiation  in  each  division  of 
sanctuary.  Laver,  symbol  of  purification,  hands  and  feet ; 
same  idea  removal  of  shoe ;  made  from  mirrors. 

XIX.  SACRIFICES  IN  GENERAL. 
Two  classes  of  sacred  actions  ;  offerings  the  more  important ; 
generic  term  horhan,  includes  three  kinds  of  gifts,  for  house  of 
God,  his  ministers  and  himself.  Offerings  bloody  and  unbloody, 
materials  of  former,  oxen,  sheep  and  goats,  and  in  case  of  pov- 
erty doves  or  pigeons.  Of  latter,  grain,  oil  and  wine.  Salt 
and  incense  invariably  added  ;  honey  and  leaven  prohibited. 
I.  Materialistic  view,  tribute  of  food.  But  inconsistent  with 
spirituality  of  God  taught  by  Moses  and  throughout  0.  T., 
^the  most  essential  thing  was  the  blood,  which  not  an  article 
of  food  at  all.  11.  Pecuniary  view,  forfeiture  of  what  was 
valued,  materials   represent   their  wealth.     But   Hhis  not  ex- 

?lain  prominence  of  blood,  nor  ^limitation  of  objects  allowed. 
IL  Exclusively  typical    view ;    materials  represent  personal 
qualities  of  Redeemer,  his  office  or  work,  '  office  of  types  to  set 


13 

forth  great  truths  rather  than  minor  details  of  N,  T.  objects, 
2 does  not  explain  the  limitations,  ^assumes  remote  analogiej, 
*  would  have  been  unintelligible  to  0.  T.  worshippers.  IV. 
Spiritualistic  view,  symbol  of  offerer,  dying  unto  sin,  living 
unto  God.  But  Hhis  effect  no  atonement,  '-^animal  nowhere 
stated  to  be  symbol  of  offerer ;  without  blemish  ;  analogy  of 
heathen  sacrifices,  ^it  has  no  sinful  nature  and  nothing  to  sug- 
gest restoration  to  life  by  contact  of  blood  with  altar.  V. 
True  view,  vicarious  atonement  and  oblation,  both  ideas  in  an- 
imal, latter  only  in  vegetable  offerings,  Hhe  old  traditional 
view,  ^explains  all  parts  of  the  service,  ^scriptural  representa- 
tion, *  accords  with  aim  of  Christ's  death,  *  accounts  for  limita- 
tion in  materials. 

Oblation  should  be  ^a  man's  own  possession,  -product  of 
his  toil,  ^his  food.  Substitute  must  be,  'an  animal,  ^sinless 
not  only  in  real  sense  negatively,  but  in  symbolic  sense  posi- 
tively, ^as  nearly  as  possible  allied  to  man. 

Four  acts  in  all  sacrifices,  two  additional  in  peace  and  tres- 
pass offerings.  I.  Imposition  of  hands,  so  in  blessing,  giving 
Holy  Ghost,  office,  healing,  -witnesses.  Not  with  Philo  asser- 
tion of  innocence,  nor  designation  as  in  Roman  manumission, 
nor  consecration  for  then  priest's  hands  w^ould  have  been  im- 
posed, but  as  in  all  other  cases  communication.  Imputation  of 
sin,  not  transfer  of  moral  character  but  guilt,  'explained  Lev. 
16  :  21,  ^position  in  sacrificial  service,  ^ancient  and  commonly 
received  opinion.  Not  different  signification  in  different  kinds 
of  sacrifice,  'atonement  for  ^  made  first  in  all,  ^transfer  of 
emotions  unmeaning,  ^  Lev.  1  : 4  relates  to  burnt  offering. 
Hands  laid  on  the  head  because  the  penalty  is  capital.  II. 
Slaying,  penalty  due  to  sin.  Not  a  mere  surrender  of  victim 
to  God.  Nor  5  dying  of  sinful  nature,  'victim  not  symbol  but 
substitute  for  offerer,  ^ animal  no  sinful  nature  and  imputation 
of  sin  transfers  guilt  but  not  moral  character,  ^  death  of  sinner 
not  admit  to  God  except  as  discharging  penalty  of  law,  ^makes 
inward  holiness  the  ground  of  pardon.  Nor  c  simply  means 
of  procuring  blood,  'slaying  an  integral  part  of  ritual,  ^con- 
fession  that  it  can  have  no  signification  but  penalty  of  law. 
Objected  to  penal  view,  1.  slain  by  offerer.  But  'sinner  his 
own  destroyer,  ' confesses  his  desert  of  death,  ^typical  signifi- 
cance. Doves  slain  by  priest.  2.  Makes  slaying  of  more  con- 
sequence than  sprinkling.  But  'sprinkling  still  effects  expia- 
tion, ^slaying  equally  essential  part  of  ritual.  III.  Sprinkling 
the  blood.  Not  a  dissipating  the  life,  'blood  not  wasted,  -used 
in  a  prescribed  way  to  effect  atonement.  Nor  h  as  spiritualis- 
tic view,  bring  life  to  God  to  be  sanctified.  But  'blood  makes 
atonement,  not  itself  atoned  for,  ^distinguished  from  offerer  as 
making  atonement  for  him,  not  a  symbol  but  substitute.     Not 


14 

c  covering  sins  concentrated  on  sacred  vessels,  4n  this  view 
more  natural  to  have  sprinkled  the  sinner,  ^ atonement  for  holy 
places  distinguished  from  expiating  sins  of  people.  But  d  exhi- 
bition of  life  of  a  sinless  substitute  and  of  blood  shed  as  penal- 
ty of  law.  Sprinkled  in  each  of  three  divisions  of  tabernacle, 
brazen  altar,  golden  altar,  mercy  seat.  IV.  Burning,  not 
symbol  of  wrath  of  God,  eternal  firo,  ^fire  purifier  as  well  as 
destroyer,  ^ penalty  is  death,  ^expiation  already  effected  by 
sprinkling,  *  victim  burned  is  a  sweet  savour,  ^unbloody  oifer- 
ing  also  burned.  It  is  carried  up  to  God  relieved  of  earthly 
dross.  Pledges  consecration  of  property,  labour  and  life  to 
God.     Skin  removed  as  this  not  food. 

XX.    DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  SACRIFICE. 

Sacrifices  not  instituted  by  Moses  but  multiplied  and  regu- 
lated. Patriarchal  ofi"erings.  Sin-oflering  emphasizes  a,tone- 
ment ;  Burnt-oifering,  oblation  ;  Trespass-offering,  compensa- 
tion ;  Peace-offering,  communion.  Order  in  which  named  and 
offered.  Sin  and  Trespass  offerings,  designed  to  restore, 
Burnt  and  Peace  offerings,  to  express  and  maintain  theocratic 
relations.  I.  Sin  and  trespass  offerings.  Various  opinions,  a 
no  difference,  b  for  sins  of  ignorance  and  venial  sins,  c  for  omis- 
sion and  commission,  d  for  sins  voluntarily  confessed  or  proven 
by  testimony,  e  for  lighter  or  more  serious  offences.  True 
view,  for  transgressions  simply  and  for  injuries.  For  sin-offer- 
ing, bullock,  he  goat,  female,  &c. ;  trespass,  ram  always.  Sin 
but  not  trespass  offering,  at  eao^  annual  feast.  Single  animal 
for  sin  or  trespass  offering,  indefinite  number  for  burnt  or  peace 
offerings.  Trespass  offering,  distinguishing  feature  the  pecun- 
iary compensation.  Sin  offering,  prominence  to  sprinkling  of 
blood,  differently  in  different  cases.  Fat  only  burned.  Dis- 
position of  flesh  if  for  priest  or  one  of  people.  Two  explana- 
tions, Lev.  10:  17.  Flesh  not  unclean,  for  it  is  called  most 
holy,  could  only  be  eaten  in  holy  place,  and  was  burned  to 
preserve  it  from  defilement.  II.  Burnt  offering,  entire  animal 
consumed,  idea  of  oblation  and  consecration.  Might  be  offered 
without  specific  occasion,  most  frequent  of  the  offerings.  It 
alone  offered  separately.  Any  animal  allowed  in  sacrifice  ad- 
missible only  male  and  without  blemish.  Ill,  Peace  offering, 
to  express  and  ratify  peace  with  God.  Its  characteristic  fea- 
ture a  feast  significant  of  communion.  Three  sorts— thafiks- 
givings,  vows  and  free-will  offerings,  supplicatory  as  well  as 
commemorative.  Any  animal  from  flock  or  herd,  male  or  fe- 
male ;  doves  unsuitable.  Without  blemish,  only  in  free-will 
offerings  one  "superfluous  or  lacking  in  its  parts."  Fat  on 
altar  :  breast  and  right  shoulder  (ham)  waved  or  heaved  and 
given  to  priests  ;  feast  of  offerer  and   friends,  communion  with 


God  and  his  people.  Spiritualistic  view,  animal  represent  of- 
ferer brought  into  union  and  fellowship  with  God  and  his  peo- 
ple. But  ^offerer  thus  eats  himself,  ?  priests  and  friends  form 
two  separate  companies.  True  view.  A  feast  in  which  God  is 
the  host,  the  offerer  and  friends  his  guests,  ^ flesh  of  a  sacrifice 
which  wholly  the  Lord's,  ^all  called  "  the  bread  of  God,''  ^eaten 
before  the  Lord,  *1  Cor.  10  :  18,  ^analogy  of  Lord's  supper  and 
parables  of  Christ,  ^significance  of  emblem.  Represents  bles- 
sings of  communion  with  God  and  inward  appropriation  of  ben- 
efits of  sacrifice.  Company  representative  of  Avhole  people  of 
God.  Portion  of  priests  because  they  God's  servants.  Rem- 
nant burned  to  guard  against  contamination  and  decay  :  thanks- 
givings eaten  the  same  day :  vows  and  free-will  offerings  first 
or  second  day. 

XXL    UNBLOODY  OFFERINGS  AND  PURIFICATIONS. 

Meat  offerings,  not  of  flesh  but  food,  Minhha  gift,  including 
or  distinguished  from  drink  offering.  Materials  :  grain,  oil  and 
wine,  imagined  correspondence  with  flesh,  fat  and  blood  falla- 
cious. Grain  as  ^  grain  whole  or  broken,  2 flour,  ^  bread  or 
cakes ;  memorial  burned,  the  rest  given  to  priests  unless  offered 
for  a  priest.  Oil  an  adjunct,  hningled  Avith  the  grain  or  flour, 
^coordinated  with  incense,  '"^used  in  preparing  food,  but  not  itself 
a  distinct  article  of  food.  Symbol  of  Holy  Spirit.  Salt,  incor- 
rupt ;  honey  and  leaven,  fermentation  and  corruption  ;  incense, 
prayer.^  Drink  offering,  wine  poured  on  the  altar,  not  at  its 
base;  vegetable  offerings  not  presented  alone,  exceptions. 

Purifications  remove  defilement.  Clean  and  unclean.  De- 
sign, not  cleanliness,  for  a  Objects  limited,  6  Ideas  distinct. 
c  Habits  of  Orientals,  d  Religious  character.  Not  sanitary. 
a  Subordinate  religion  to  secular  end.  h  Explain  neither  con- 
tents nor  omissions.  Nor  unclean  in  itself  sinful,  a  Animals 
no  connection  with  evil.  h  Defilement  not  involve  acts  of 
sin.  e  Might  arise  from  things  which  the  law  prescribed.  Clean 
in  animals  related  to  food  and  sacrifice,  ^authority  of  God  in 
every  day  matters,  2  wall  of  separation.  Criteria,  organs  of 
motion  and  food,  significance.  Man  unclean  in  presence  of 
God.  Taint  of  nature  represented  by  defilement  gathered  about 
birth  and  death.  I.  Series  culminating  in  birth.  Vary  in  * 
duration  of  defilement,  "  liability  to  be  communicated,  ^  rites  of 
cleansing.  II.  Death.  Carcass  of  clean  or  unclean  animal. 
Human  corpse.  Duration.  Communicability.  Ritesj  water 
of  separation,  ashes  of  sacrifice.  Red  heifer,  cedar,  hyssop 
and  scarlet.  Actors  rendered  unclean.  Leprosy,  a  living 
death;  in  garments,  buildings,  persons.  Rites  of  cleansing,  two 
stages. 


16 
XXII.     SAURED  PERSONS. 

All  Israel  holy,  the  Levites,  priests,  high-priest.  Gradation 
shown  in  the  camp  and  sanctuary.  Priesthood  not  a  distinct 
caste,  no  inherent  superiority,  chosen  from  among  their  breth- 
ren, invested  with  an  office  belonging  ideally  to  the  whole  peo- 
ple, and  to  be  one  day  conferred  upon  all. 

Support,  Levites  no  inheritance,  48  cities,  6  cities  of  refuge, 
asylum  for  unintentional  manslayer,  return  to  his  house  on  death 
of  high-priest,  not  because  the  public  calamity  obliterated  pri- 
vate griefs,  nor  his  jurisdiction  then  ceases,  but  his  death  to  this 
extent  expiatory,  typical  fact.  Tithes  received  and  paid  by 
Levites.  First  fruits,  firstlings  of  beasts,  offerings  for  priests. 
Personal  qualifications  :  Levites  25  or  30  to  60  years  of  age  ; 
priests  without  blemish.  Official  dress  of  ordinary  priests,  fine 
linen  emblematic  of  purity,  ^called  holy  garments,  -Rev.  19:8, 
^attributed  to  angels  and  the  Ancient  of  Days.  That  of  high 
priest  elegant  and  costly :  over  the  ordinary  dress,  ^a  woven 
robe  of  blue,  the  colour  of  the  sky,  "the  ephod  and  breastplate, 
colours  of  tabernacle  and  the  gorgeous  sky  :  gems  and  names 
of  tribes  ;  urim  and  thummim  ;  mitre  with  plate"of  gold.  Bare- 
foot. Consecration  of  Israel,  law  given,  obedience  pledged, 
the  altar,  twelve  pillars  ;  no  sin  oifering,  only  burnt  and  peace 
oflFerings  ;  bleed  sprinkled  on  altar  and  people,  Moses,  Aaron, 
his  sons  and  seventy  elders  saw  God  and  ate  and  drank  before 
him.  Of  Priests,  two  series  of  equivalent  acts,  ^washing, 
clothing,  anointing,  ^gin,  burnt  and  peace-offering,  Moses  offi- 
ciated. Blood  on  right  ear,  hand  and  foot,  sprinkled  with 
blood  and  oil.  Ceremonies  repeated  for  seven  days.  Of 
Levites  before  removing  from  Sinai.  Two  series  of  acts, 
'cleansing,  waving,  "sin  and  burnt  offering.  Imposition  of 
hands,  substitution  for  first  born. 

XXIII.     SACRED  TIMES. 

Portions  of  time  withdrawn  from  ordinary  occupations  and 
devoted  to  God,  not  a  payment  but  acknowledgment ;  sacri- 
fices required  every  day,  and  in  increased  number  every  new 
moon,  but  these  not  properly  sacred  times.  Their  duties  nega- 
tive and  positive.  Three  kinds  regarding  God,  as  ^Creator, 
^Preserver,  ^Sanctifier.  I.  Sabbatical  series.  Sabbath  adopt- 
ed from  patriarchal  worship,  ^Gen.  2  :  3,  ^  terms  of  seven  days 
and  sacredness  of  seven,  ^ other  ancient  nations,  *Ex.  12  :  22, 
etc.,  °"l-emember"  in  fourth  commandment.  7th  day,  month, 
year  and  50th  year.  Rest  and  restoration  for  man,  the  land 
and  property.  II.  Annual  feasts,  celebrate  God  as  preserver, 
historical  and  agricultural.  Passover  15th  day,  1st  month, 
for  seven  days  ;  feast  of  weeks  fifty  days  after,  for  one  day  ; 
tabernacle?  IGth  day  of  Tth  month  for  seven  days.     Passover 


17 

instituted  on  leaving  Egypt,'  Uhe  supper,  'seven  days  unleav- 
ened bread.  A  sacrifice,  denied  by  some  Reformed  theolog- 
ians from  its  supposed  bearing  on  the  eucharist,  but  ^expressly 
so  called,  Ex.  12  :  27,  1  Cor.  5  :  7,  2  Jewish  tradition,  ^after 
the  sanctuary  was  erected,  it  was  offered  there,  and  in  later 
times  the  blood  was  sprinkled  on  the  altar.  Not  a  sin,  but 
a  peace  offering.  Lamb  selected  on  10th  day,  slain  "between 
the  evenings,"  blood  sprinkled  on  lintels  and  door  posts,  by 
each  head  of  a  family.  Lamb  whole,  no  bones  broken,  roast 
not  boiled,  no  part  carried  out  of  the  house,  nor  reserved  till 
next  day  ;  remainder  burned.  Bitter  herbs,  unleavened  bread, 
attitude.  Daily  festive  offering,  sheaf  of  first  fruits.  Feast  of 
weeks,  of  harvest,  Pentecost,  two  loaves,  festive  offering.  Ta- 
bernacles or  Ingathering  :  booths,  offerings.  1st  day  a  Sab- 
bath, 8th  day  not  belong  to  feast  proper,  ^no  lodging  in  booths, 
^gradation  of  sacrifices  not  continued.  Conclusion  of  the  fes- 
tivals of  the  year.  III.  Day  of  atonement,  10th  day  of  7th 
month.  Seven  festive  Sabbaths  in  the  year.  Atonement  for 
all  the  sins  of  the  year,  not  only  for  those  previously  unatoned, 
nor  supplementing  deficiencies  of  previous  sacrifices,  but  rep- 
resenting same  idea  in  higher  power.  The  only  fast  expressly 
appointed.  High-priest  bathe,  dress  of  white  linen,  offering  for 
himself  and  his  house  :  two  he  goats,  sin-offering  for  the  people. 
Atonement  in  most  holy  place,  repeated  in  holy  place  and  the 
court.  Azazel,  not  ^a  place,  nor  2  the  goat,  but  ^abstract  term 
"complete  removal"  or  *  personal  being,  Satan.  Arguments  in 
favor  of  the  last.  ^Contrast  of  Jehovah  and  Azazel.  -2  Evil 
spirits  symbolically  connected  with  the  desert.  ^Appropriate 
name.  But  ^  Satan  is  no  where  else  so  called,  nor  ^  alluded  to 
as  connected  with  the  services  of  this  day.  ^  The  ceremonial 
itself  would  not  suggest  it,  but  for  this  word  of  doubtful  mean- 
ing. If  Azazel  is  Satan,  variously  explained.  1.  Sacrifice  to 
the  devil.  But  a  abhorrent  to  religion,  and  prohibited  by  Mo- 
saic law.  h  The  two  goats  one  sin-offering  to  Jehovah  ;  two 
were  used  because  ideas  were  to  be  represented  which  one  could 
not  convey.  2.  Sent  to  the  devil  to  be  tormented.  3.  Carry 
sin  to  the  devil  where  it  belongs.  4.  Act  of  contemptuous  de- 
fiance, the  sins  are  first  atoned  for,  then  sent  to  the  enemy  and 
accuser  of  Israel  to  do  his  worst  with  them.  The  two  goats 
mutually  supplementary,  not  typical  of  distinct  things,  as  ^ 
Christ  and  apostate  Jews,  or  ^  his  divine  and  human  nature,  or 
'  his  death  and  resurrection,  but  *  Christ  atoning  for  sin  and 
taking  it  away.     Remainder  of  the  service. 

XXIV.    JOSHUA. 

Joshua  beginning  or  end  of  a  period.     Indications  of  date  of 
3 


18 

the  book.  'Gezer,  IC  :  10.  ^Jebusites,  15:  63.  ^  Zidoniana, 
13  :  6.  Great  Zidon,  11  :  8,  19  :  28.  *  Sanctuary  and  Gib- 
eonites,  9  :  27.  "  Rahab,  6  :  26.  Caleb,  14  :  14.  «  6  : 
1,  6.  '  We  passed  over,'  '  give  us. '  '  '  Beyond  Jordan' ;  '  Mt. 
Halak  to  Baal-gad.'  ^  Minute  details.  ^  Changes  in  Levitical 
cities  and  those  of  Simeon.  Two  classes  of  objections.  I.  Par- 
ticular expressions.  1.  Curse  of  Joshua.  But  a  assumes  proph- 
ecy impossible,  h  confirmed  by  1  Kings,  16  :  34,  c  fulfilment 
not  recorded  in  Joshua.  2.  Mountains  of  Judah  and  Israel. 
But  a  the  schism  long  preparing,  h  terms  explained  from  facts 
then  existing.  3.  Jerusalem.  But  a  unfounded  assumption, 
6  occurrence  of  Jebus  reverses  the  argument.  4.  Havoth-jair. 
But  a  confirmed  by  Num.  32  :  41,  Deut.  3 :  4,  14,  h  genealogy 
1  Chron.  2:  21,  etc.  c  '  Judah  upon  Jordan  toward  the  sun 
rising,'  19  :  34,  d  word  'Havoth.'  Reconciled  with  Judg.  10: 
8,  4.  5.  Book  of  Jasher,  10  :  13,  comp.  2  Sam.  1  :  18.  6.  '  Unto 
this  day.'  II.  Denial  of  unity.  ^  This  book  alleged  to  be  a 
continuation  of  the  Pentateuch.  Fallacy  of  the  argument. 
a  Always  regarded  as  distinct,  h  History  continuous  but  Mo- 
ses writer  of  Pentateuch,  c  Language.  2.  Discordant  state- 
ments respecting  a  completeness  of  the  conquest.  6  Hebron 
and  Debir.  cEkron,  Ashdod  and  Gaza,  d  cities  of  Judah,  Zeb- 
ulun  and  Naphtali.  3.  Differences  of  style  or  conception,  a 
distinct  sections,  b  prominence  of  the  high-priest  Eleazar,  cuse 
of  words.  Written  by  Joshua,  ^  24  :  26,  '  servant  of  the  Lord, 
24  :  29,  ^antecedent  presumption.  *  Tradition.  Difiiculty  from 
comparison  with  book  of  Judges  :   difi'erent  views. 

Divisions  of  book.  I.  The  conquest,  ch.  1-12,  a  prelimina- 
ries, ch.  1-5,  h  the  actual  conquest,  ch.  6-12.  II.  The  divis- 
ion, ch.  13-22.  III.  Solemn  acknowledgment  and  pledge  of 
obedience,  ch.  23,  24. 

XXV.    JUDGES. 

History  from  death  of  Joshua  to  that  of  Samson.  Pure  the- 
ocracy, no  visible  head,  success  depend  on  piety  of  people  ; 
downward  tendencies  checked  but  not  reversed  by  judges.  Prov- 
idential design  to  demonstrate  necessity  of  kingdom.  Book  not 
a  complete  narrative  of  events  of  the  period,  ^itsplan  2  :  11-19 
to  record  a  series  of  relapses,  oppressions  and  deliverances  ;  no 
account  made  of  the  intervals  of  rest,  3:11  forty  years,  3  :  30 
eighty  years.  &c.,  little  said  of  some  judges  12  :  8-15,  ^  its 
brevity,  though  covering  more  than  300  years,  ^its  arrange- 
ment, position  of  last  five  chapters,  *facts  supplied  by  other 
books,  1  Sam.  12  :  11,  Ruth,  Eli  and  Samuel.  Period  of  weak- 
ness, decline,  deterioration  but  not  to  be  unduly  depreciated. 
^  Times  of  prosperity  and  piety  passed  over  in  silence,  though 
a  large  part  of  the  whole.     ^  ^\^q  worst    features   singled    out 


19 

and  strongly  stated.  ^  Written  from  point  of  view  of  legal  re- 
quirement, not  comparison  with  other  times.  *  Tacit  contrast 
•with  piety  prevailing  under  Joshua,  and  reformation  wrought 
by  Samuel.  ^The  book  of  Ruth  shows  what  scenes  of  an  oppo- 
site character  might  have  been  depicted.  Three  parts,  *a  du- 
plicate introduction  1:1-3:6,  ^the  history  of  the  twelve 
Judges,  3:7-16:31,  •''a  duplicate  appendix,  ch.  17-21. 
Neither  portion  of  the  Introduction  superfluous :  1.  Neg- 
lect to  exterminate  the  Canaanites,  sheAvn  in  detail,  1 : 
1-2:5,  hence  brief  paragraphs,  weakness  of  tribes  in  isola- 
tion and  want  of  concert,  aggravated  by  intrusion  of  this  hete- 
rogenous population,  2.  Forsaking  God  for  idols  of  these  na- 
tions and  its  eftects,  2  :  6-3  :  6.  Main  body  of  book  divided 
into  distinct  sections  corresponding  to  the  judges  herein  record- 
ed ;  but  its  unity  shown,  Mjy  adherence  to  its  plan  announced, 
ch.  2,  sby  recurring  phrases  ;  varieties  of  expression  explained. 
Appendix,  'ch.  17,  18,  Micah's  idolatry  and  expedition  of 
Danites,  before  Dan  had  full  possession  of  his  inheritance, 
18: 1,  2,  alluded  to.  Josh.  19  :  47,  '-^ch.  19-21,  afifair  of  Gibeah 
and  its  consequences,  in  high  priesthood  of  Phineas,  20 :  28. 
Same  author,  17  :  6  ;  18  :  1  ;  19  : 1  ;  21 :  25.  Always  formed 
part  of  Judges,  no  reason  to  doubt  their  rightful  place  in  it, 
some  coincidences  of  expression.  Date  of  book  ;  earliest  limit, 
U8  :  30,  captivity  not  Assyrian  but  Philistine,  -13  : 1,  Philis- 
tine domination,  "no  king  in  Israel,  17  :  6  ;  18  :  1  ;  19  :  1  ; 
21  :  25  ;  latest  limit,  'before  degeneracy  of  kingdom,  ^1  :21  ; 
19  :  11,  Jebusites,  ^Canaanitish  names.  Reign  of  Saul  or  first 
years  of  David.     Written  by  a  prophet,  Samuel  ? 

RUTH. 

Position  in  Hebrew  and  English  bibles,  ancient  catalogues ; 
not  an  appendix  to  Judges,  peculiarity  of  character.  Design 
not  'to  maintain  obligation  of  Levirate  marriages,  nor  -to  ex- 
hibit reward  of  piety,  nor  ^to  correct  Jewish  illiberality,  but  * 
to  preserve  incidents  connected  with  the  ancestry  of  David,  4  : 
17.  Time  1:1  "when  the  judges  ruled"  more  precisely  de- 
termined, not  'by  identifying  the  famine  1:1  with  'ravages  of  the 
Midianites,  Judg.  6  :  3,  4,  nor  2  4  :  20,  21,  Boaz  grand-son  of 
Nahshon,  a  contemporary  of  Moses,  Num.  1:17,  for  the  gene- 
alogy is  abridged,  nor  -"^ under  Eli  and  after  death  of  Samson 
(Josephus),  but  *  4  :  l7  Obed  grand-father  of  David.  Date  of 
book  :  'after  the  erection  of  the  kingdom  implied,  1:1,^  after 
David's  anointing  or  accession  to  throne,  4  :  17-22  ;  alleged 
Chaldaeisms,  and  altered  usage  4 :  7  not  prove  late  date,  in  or 
after  time  of  captivity  :  'interest  of  the  subject  diminished  or 
lost.     "  Marriage  with  Moabitess  not  condemned. 


20 
XXVI.  SAMUEL. 
Period  of  transition  from  the  judges  to  the  kingdom,  grouped 
about  three  lives,  1.  1  Sam.  1-12  the  life  of  Samuel,  2.  ch.  13-31 
the  public  life  of  Saul,  8.  2  Sam.  1-24  the  public  life  of  David. 
One  work,  division  into  two  books  by  LXX,  first  adopted  into 
Hebrew  text  by  Bomberg,  1518,  not  form  one  work  with 
Kinc^s.  This  has  been  argued  ^because  connected  by  common 
title  in  LXX,  but  never  so  in  Hebrew,  -history  continuous  but 
each  distinct  in  plan  and  the  period  which  it  covers,  ^Samuel 
no  fitting  termination  since  it  does  not  record  David's  death  ; 
but  it  completes  his  public  life,  his  last  words  recorded 
23  : 1-7,  the  transfer  of  the  kingdom  to  Solomon  opens  a  new 
period,  upon  which  the  writer  did  not  design  to  enter.  Shown 
to  be  distinct,  ^by  difference  of  plan,  Kings  not  biographical 
and  fewer  details,  ^citation  of  sources,  ^exact  chronology, 
^time  of  composition.  D;ite,  not  before  David's  death,  though 
this  not  mentioned;  criteria  somewhat  indefinite,  ^change  in 
terms  and  customs,  1  Sam.  9  :  9,  prophet,  seer,  2  Sam.  13  :  18, 
dress  of  king's  daughter,  ^1  Sam.  27  :  6,  kings  of  Judah,  after 
the  schism,  but  not  necessarily  long  after. 

KINGS, 

Name,  period  covered.  Divisions,  1.  Reign  of  Solomon,  1  Kin. 
1-11.  2  Schism  and  synchronous  history  of  the  two  kingdoms,  1 
Kin.  12--2  Kin.  17.  3.  History  of  Judah  alone  until  the  Babylon- 
ish captivity,  2  Kin.  18-25.  Divided  into  two  books  by  LXX. 
One  continuous  production,  not  written  piecemeal,  'unity  of 
plan,  ^careful  chronology,  ^recurring  expressions,  *samenes3 
of  language  and  style.  Illustrating  God's  fidelity  to  his  cov- 
enant with  David  in  the  midst  of  his  just  judgments  for  Israel's 
provocations.  Sources,  book  of  Acts  of  Solomon,  1  Kin.  11:41, 
Book  of  Chronicles  of  Kings  of  Judah,  Book  of  Chronicles 
of  Kings  of  Israel,  different  opinions  respecting  them.  Ex- 
pression "unto  this  day,"  1  Kin.  8  : 8,  etc.  Date,  ^ after  37th 
year  of  Jehoiachin's  captivity,  ^before  close  of  captivity. 
Tradition  ascribes  to  Jeremiah  ;  similarity  of  style  and  lan- 
guage, correspondence  of  Jer.  52  and  2  Kin.  24  :  18,  etc.  But 
doubtful  whether  Jeremiah  lived  so  long,  probably  written  in 
Babylon,  author  unknown. 

XXYII.     CHRONICLES. 

Name  in  Hebrew,  Greek,  English.  One  work,  divided  into 
two  books  by  LXX.  Date  inferred,  ^from  limit  of  the  history, 
2  Chron.  36  :  22,  23,  first  year  of  Cyrus,  -limit  of  genealogies, 
1  Chron.  3  :  19-21,  grandsons  of  Zerubbabel,  not  descendanta 
of  seventh  generation  :  also  vs.  22-24,  grandsons  of  Neariah 
brother  of  Hattush,  comp.  Ezra  8  :  2,  ''Porters,  1  Chron.  9  :  17, 


21 

18,  comp.  N"eh.  12:  25,  2t!,  *Darics,  1  Chron.  29  :  7,  not  spok- 
en of  as  existing  in  days  of  David.  Objected  that  first  coined 
by  Darius  Hystaspes.  But  a  then  sufficient  time  to  have  cir- 
culated through  the  empire,  h  mentioned  Ezra  2  :  69  ;  8  :  27, 
Neh.  7  :  70-72,  c  perhaps  named  from  Darius  the  uncle  of 
Cyrus,  or  as  the  general  term  for  king,  ^Bira  1  Chron.  29,  1, 19, 
applied  to  temple,  hence  before  the  castle  so  called,  Neh.  2:8; 
7  ,  2,  was  built,  ^collection  of  the  canon,  ^2  Chron.  36  :  22,  23, 
comp,  Ezra  1 : 1-3.  Book  of  Ezra  not  a  continuation  of 
Chronicles,  but  perhaps  Chronicles  written  by  Ezra,  a  tradition, 
h  verses  repeated,  c  similarity  of  style  and  expressions.  Con- 
tents, I.  Genealogies,  1  Chron.  1-9,  a  ch.l,  preliminary,  h  ch. 
2-8  genealogies  of  the  various  tribes  of  Israel,  c  ch.  3  sup- 
plementary. II.  History,  a  1  Chron.  10-29,  reign  of  David, 
h  2  Chron.  1-9,  reign  of  Solomon,  c  2  Chron.  10-36,  schism 
and  subsequent  history  of  Judah. 

Ch.  1  from  Adam  to  Israel,  its  double  design,  plan,  drawn 
from  Genesis,  ^all  found  there,  ^form  and  expressions,  ^impro- 
bable that  other  genealogies  were  preserved  from  that  early 
period.  Abridgment,  1  :  1-4,  sons  of  Shem  ver.  17,  Timna 
ver.  36.  Ch.  2-8  not  from  preceding  books  of  S.  S.,  ^most  of 
the  names  new,  or  ^merely  in  historical  passages  not  genea- 
logical lists,  ^variations,  yet  not  irreconcilable,  many  unde- 
signed coincidences  and  corroborations,  ^repetitions  in  Chroni- 
cles, e.  g.,  Samuel  6  :  22-28,  comp.  vs.  33-38,  Saul,  "^facts 
not  elsewhere  recorded,  '^if  already  found  in  p-evious  books, 
their  transcription  needless.  Not  fictitious,  ^no  motive  for 
their  invention,  ^lack  of  uniformity,  not  conformed  to  other 
books  of  S.  S.,  •''practical  needs  of  the  time.  Derived  from 
public  and  family  registers  ;  few  from  ten  tribes,  none  from 
Zebulun  and  Dan.  Ch.  9,  list  of  prominent  residents  of  Jeru- 
salem and  those  connected  with  ministry  of  the  temple.  Cor- 
respond Avith  Neh.  11,  discrepancies  how  explained;  vs.  35-44 
family  of  Saul,  preparatory  to  the  history. 

Two  series  of  historical  sections.  1.  parallel  to  Samuel  and 
Kings,  2.  peculiar  to  Chronicles.  Parallel  sections  probably 
not  taken  directly  from  those  books,  but  in  both  drawn  from  a 
common  source,  Hranspositions,  e.  g.,  1  Chron.  11-15,  ^addi- 
tions,  ^variations,  ^references  in  both  to  other  works  as  sources. 
Peculiar  sections  based  on  reliable  authorities,  ^contrary  sup- 
position incredible,  ^analogy  of  genealogies,  ^incidental  cor- 
roboration in  Psalms  and  prophets,  *"unto  this  day,"  2  Chron. 
5:9;  8:8,  ^existence  of  and  frequent  references  to  other  ac- 
credited histories.  Deviations  from  Samuel  and  Kings  prove 
independence  of  Chronicles,  but  not  discredit  it  if  capable  of 
being  harmonized  ;  also  show  distinct  design,  not  in  period 
treated,  nor  class  of  readers  addressed  but   the  point  of  view 


22' 

from  which  the  history  is  contemplated  and  the  objects  render- 
ed prominent.  Samuel  biographical  history.  Kings  national 
theocratic  history  of  both  kingdoms.  Chronicles  liturgical 
history,  hence  omit  reign  of  Saul,  personal  history  of  David 
and  Solomon,  kingdom  of  ten  tribes  but  full  details  respecting 
temple  and  its  worship,  adapted  to  necessities  of  returning 
exiles. 

XXVUI.     EZRA. 

Two  parts.  I.  ch.  1-6  First  colony  under  Zerubbabel  un- 
til the  completion  of  the  temple  in  6th  year  of  Darius  Hystas- 
pes.  II.  ch.  7-10  second  colony  under  Ezra  in  the  7th  year 
of  Artaxerxes  Longimanus.  Interval  of  58  years  between  the 
two  parts,  in  which  the  events  of  the  book  of  Esther  occur. 
Original  documents  in  first  part :  decree  of  Cyrus  1  :  1-4,  list 
of  exiles,  who  returned  with  Zerubbabel  ch.  2,  repeated  in  Ne- 
hemiah  7  :  6ff.,  discrepancies  accounted  for,  Chaldee  section  4  : 
8-6  :  18,  probably  written  by  a  participant  in  the  transactions 
it  records  5  :  4,  and  incorporated  by  Ezra  in  his  book,  contain- 
ing the  correspondence  between  the  Samaritans  and  kings  Ar- 
taxerxes (Smerdes)  and  Darius  4  :11-16,  17-22,  6  :  7-17,  6  : 
2-12.  In  second  part  letter  of  Artaxerxes  empowering  Ezra  to 
take  a  colony  of  exiles  to  Jerusalem  7  :  12-26,  list  of  those  who 
went  up  with  Ezra  8  :  1-14,  and  of  those  who  had  married  for- 
eign wives  10  :  18-44.  Book  claims  to  have  been  written  by 
Ezra  7  :  28,  ch.  8,  9,  to  which  it  is  no  objection  that  he  is  some- 
times spoken  of  in  third  person  7  :  1-11,  ch.  10,  nor  that  he  is 
called  '  a  ready  scribe  in  the  law  of  Moses"  7  : 6,  etc. 

NEHEMIAH. 
Nehemiah,  cup-bearer  of  Artaxerxes  Longimanus,  came  up 
in  his  20th  year,  13  years  after  Ezra.  Three  parts,  I.  cli.  1-7, 
Nehemiah's  labours  for  the  defence  and  rebuilding  of  Jerusa- 
lem. II.  ch.  8-10  religious  services  conducted  by  Ezra  and 
the  Leviles  and  the  covenant  sealed  by  the  people  under  the 
lead  of  Nehemiah.  III.  ch.  11-13  subsequent  acts  of  Nehe- 
miah. Book  announced  1  : 1  as  "  the  words  of  Nehemiah."  1st 
person  used  throughout  except  ch.  8-10,  which  some  refer  to 
Ezra,  but  without  sufficient  reason.  Objection  to  genuineness 
from  12  :  10,  11,  22.  Some  suspect  interpolation  ;  might  have 
been  written  by  Nehemiah. 

ESTHER. 

Plot  for  destruction  of  the  Jews  in  Persia,  their  deliverance 
and  institution  of  feast  of  Purim.  Covers  period  of  9  years, 
3d  to  12th  3'ear  of  Ahasuerus  (Xerxes).  Confirmations  from 
profane  liistory,  his  ch.irncter,  extent  of  kingdom,  assembly  of 


23 

princes  in  the  third  year  of  his  reign.  Esther  not  made  queen 
untilthelOthmonthof  Tthyear  2: 16,  explained  by  expedition  to 
Greece  in  the  interval ;  palace  in  Susa  and  its  splendor  1  :  2,  6, 
consulting  magi  on  all  emergencies  1  :  13,  seven  princes 
1 :  14,  the  harem  2  :  8,  prostration  before  the  grand  vizier  as 
the  representative  of  the  monarch  who  was  regarded  as  the  in- 
carnation of  the  deity  3  :  2,  whence  Mordecai's  refusal  for  re- 
ligious reasons,  King's  scribes  3  :  12 ;  8:9,  mounted  posts 
3  :  13  ;  8  :  14.  Truth  confirmed  by  existence  of  feast  of  Purira 
and  its  universal  celebration  by  the  Jews  ;  mentioned  2  Mace. 
15  :  36,  as  'Mordecai's  day'  and  said  by  Josephus  to  be  observed 
by  Jews  in  all  the  world.  Writer  not  Mordecai,  as  inferred 
from  9  :  20,  but  unknown,  probably  resident  in  Persia  and  soon 
after  the  events  described  ;  mention  of  Chronicles  of  the  kings 
of  Media  and  Persia  10:2,  details  given,  language,  close  of 
canon.  Objections  from  explanations  1:1;  1  :  13 ;  8:8. 
Name  of  God  not  occur  in  the  book,  though  mention  of  fasting 
as  a  religious  observance  4  : 1-3,  16,  allusion  to  providential 
deliverance  and  ordering  4  :  14,  refusal  of  adoration  by  Mor- 
decai on  religious  grounds  3 : 2.     Apocryphal  sections. 

XXIX.    INDIVIDUAL  CHARACTER  OF  THE   BOOK  OF,;'.! 
FSALMS. 

Each  book  of  the  prophets  represents  the  work  of  one  inspir- 
ed servant  of  God  ;  but  150  Psalms  of  different  authors  from 
age  of  Moses  till  after  Bab.  exile.  Still  in  studying  the  plan 
of  the  0.  T.  this  book,  like  all  the  rest,  must  be  regarded  as  a 
unit.  1.  The  form  and  compass  of  books  authoritative  as  well 
as  their  contents.  2.  Impracticable  to  divide  the  Psalms  with 
accuracy  in  respect  to  age  and  authorship.  The  titles  decisive 
where  they  occur,  but  one-third  without  titles  stating  author  or 
occasion,  a  fact  which  confirms  their  genuineness  and  truth.  3. 
More  than  half  by  David,  the  rest  strikingly  analogous,  though 
not  servile  imitations. 

To  this  uniform  and  Davidic  character  of  the  collection  is  due 
the  frequent  absence  of  explanatory  titles.  1.  Not  accounted  for 
by  ignorance  of  the  collectors,  for  the  oldest  have  titles,  the 
more  recent  have  none.  2.  Some  Psalms  no  title,  though  their 
occasion  indicated  by  their  contents,  e.  g.,  Ps.  83,  137.  3. 
Analogy  of  other  books  :  prophecies  never  anonymous  :  psalms 
would  not  be,  if  any  important  end  would  have  been  answered 
by  preserving  name  of  author,  and  date  or  occasion.  4.  Ex- 
cept Moses  Ps.  90,  names  of  no  Psalmists  preserved  but  those 
of  David  and  a  series  connected  with  or  dependent  on  him,  viz: 
Solomon  and  Levitical  singers  appointed  by  David  or  their  de- 
scendants. The  rest  introduce  no  new  element  and  their  per- 
sonality of  small  account.     5.  Psalms  not  arranged   according 


24 

to  writers  or  periods,  except  in  the  general  way  referred  to  72  : 
20.  Hypothesis  of  David's  Psalms  as  bases  of  series  composed 
by  others. 

Not  heterogeneous  miscellany;  not  only  poetical,  lyrical,  in- 
spired, and  canonical  but  ^for  public  use,  ^  devotional.  Thus, 
I.  negatively  distinguished  ^from  prophets,  with  whom  they 
form  the  most  marked  contrast.  Psalmist  speaks  to  God  in  his 
own  name  and  that  of  other  men  :  Prophet  to  men  in  the  name 
of  God.  Function  in  divine  revelation  :  Prophet,  objective  en- 
largement by  fresh  communications  ;  Psalmist,  subjective  ap- 
propriation of  truth  already  revealed  and  new  discoveries  thus 
imparted.  Prophet  has  primary  reference  to  needs  of  others, 
mostly  a  national  necessity  ;  Psalmist  to  his  own  needs  and 
those  of  the  class  to  which  he  belongs,  ^  from  aphoristic  poetry 
of  0.  T.  Six  poetical  books  :  three  lyrical,  Psalms,  Solomon's 
Song,  Lamentations,  domain  of  feeling,  devout  meditation  on 
law,  works  and  providence  of  God,  and  reproduction  of  law  in 
heart  and  life,  quintuple  division  of  the  Psalms  as  of  the  law  ; 
three  aphoristic,  Job,  Proverbs,  Ecclesiastes,  domain  of  reflec- 
tion, .satisfy  reason  of  the  conformity  of  the  law  and  providence 
of  God,  complete  cycle.  Proverbs  human  welfare  found  in  obe- 
dience to  the  will  of  God,  as  a  general  truth :  two  apparent  ex- 
ceptions, piety  without  prosperity  (Job),  prosperity  without 
piety  (Ecclesiastes,)  ^from  other  lyrical  poetry  of  0.  T.  which  is 
either  not  the  language  of  worship,  as  Song  of  Solomon,  (though 
resembling.)  Ps.  45  and  Lamentations,  or  private  and  individ- 
ual songs  or  supplications  as  those  of  Hannah,  Jonah,  Heze- 
kiah,  or  intended  only  for  a  single  occasion,  as  national  song  of 
Moses.  Psalms  for  the  public  and  permanent  devotions  of  the 
sanctuary.  II.  Positive  unity  of  self-contained  completeness, 
embodies  the  religion  of  0.  T.  as  seen  in  the  sum  of  its  devo- 
tional utterances. 

XXX.     SPECIAL  FUNCTION  OF  THE  PSALMS. 

I.  In  the  expansion  of  Mosaic  law.  1.  Method  of  teaching 
which  comes  nearer  the  individual  man.  These  methods  in  0. 
T.  various  and  with  growing  particularity.  History,  remote 
facts  once  transacted  ;  Ritual  constantly  repeated  in  public  but 
only  at  sanctuary  ;  Psalms  not  only  associated  with  solemnities 
and  pomp  of  temple  service,  but  repeated  and  sung  in  every 
habitation  ;  Proverbs  more  brief  and  pointed  hence  more  famil- 
iar but  general  in  their  application  ;  Prophets  with  specific 
lessons  for  emergencies  as  they  arose.  2.  Medium  of  conveying 
instruction  more  clearly  to  understanding.  Verbal  interpreta- 
tion of  the  mute  lessons  of  history  (a  past  and  present,  6  na- 
tional and  individual,  c  permanent  objects  and  relations  and 
transient   facts),    and  of   the    ritual   symbols,  a  embodying  in 


words  the  same  direct  acts  of  worship  hence  performed  together 
at  the  temple,  b  with  language  often  borrowed  from  or  shaped 
by  the  ceremonial,  not  in  the  way  of  general  exposition  as  Epis- 
tle to  Hebrews,  but  instructive  allusion,  c  stimulating  reflection 
and  inquiry  by  partial  disclosures.  3.  Religion  of  0.  T.  not 
in  didactic  statements  or  ritual  forms  but  practically  realized  in 
the  heart  and  life.  II.  In  preparation  for  Christ  ;  equivalent 
to  the  increment  in  the  sum  of  divine  knowledge  therein  gran- 
ted. Only  developement  in  0.  T.  that  of  Messiah  and  depend- 
ent trutks,  as  of  Trinity,  future  state,  love  of  God,  mysteries  of 
Providence  :  but  advance  of  all  regulated  by  the  central  doc- 
trine. Positive  accession  less  in  Psalms  and  all  the  Poetical 
Books  than  in  Prophets  :  leading  aim  not  so  much  new  disclo- 
sures as  the  unison  of  the  heart  and  the  understanding  with 
revelations  already  made  :  yet  this  revolution  in  clearness  and 
power,  not  a  mere  logical  process  but  requires  a  divine  incre- 
ment. Extreme  opinions  :  no  Psalm  Messianic  ;  every  Psalm 
Messianic.  Not  uniformity  in  Psalms  but  unity  ;  Messianic 
not  reduced  to  level  with  the  rest,  nor  isolated  from  them,  but 
apices  or  foci  in  which  all  lines  converge  or  to  which  they  tend  ; 
60  in  ministries  of  Prophets.  The  whole  belonging  to  one  con- 
tinuous scheme  of  preparation. 

XXXI.     MESSIANIC  CONTENTS  OF  THE  PSALMS. 

Messianic  teachings  of  Poetical  Books  not  incoherent  or  frag- 
mentary, but  consistent  developement  of  a  definite  scheme  of 
thought ;  specific  part  belonging  to  each  in  this  scheme  exhibits 
their  mutual  relations  in  the  work  of  preparation . 

Psalms  utterances  of  worship,  confined  to  two  domains,  man's 
relations  to  God  and  God's  relations  to  man.  The  former  may 
be  viewed  ^passively,  in  his  privileges,  as  a  creature  endowed 
of  God,  ^actively,  in  his  duties,  in  the  conflict  with  evil  either 
a  struggling  with  it,  or  b  victorious  over  it.  Triple  correlates 
in  sphere  of  God  related  to  man. 

I.  a  Man  the  creature  endowed  of  God. 

b  God  the  creator  and  benefactor  of  man. 

II.  a  The  righteous  beset  by  foes. 
b  God  his  deliverer. 

III.  a  The  righteous  victorious  by  God's  delivering  aid. 

b  Man  without  God  failing,  though  possessed  of  every  earthly  advantage. 

These  six  ideas  and  these  only  culminate  positively  or  nega- 
tively in  Messiah  in  the  Poetical  Books.  Messiah  approached 
from  both  divine  and  human  side  as  in  antecedent  types.  But 
Psalms  ^  utter  in  language  what  the  types  darkly  set  forth  in 
symbols,  ^  explicitly  combine  what  was  before  unconnected,  ^ 
approaches  from  divine  side  less  consciously  l^Iessianic  and  no 
such  explicit  combination ;  these  belong  distinctively  to  the 
province  of  the  other  poetical  books.  4 


^6 

I.  a  Man  lifted  into  Messianic  sphere  by  superhuman  gifts 
or  endowments.  Ps.  8  suggests  an  idea  which  the  apostle  Paul 
expands  to  Messianic  dimensions,  perhaps  itself  Messianic.  ^ 
Messiah's  universal  dominion  elsewhere  taught  by  David.  ^ 
In  such  cases  as  here  he  rises  from  the  human  to  the  divine  by 
removing  all  limitations.  ^  Relation  to  the  preceding  series 
of  seven  Psalms  culminating  in  Ps.  2.  h  The  thought  of  God 
relative  to  his  creatures  comes  within  the  range  of  what  belongs 
to  God  the  Son.  Ps.  102  and  97  quoted  in  Hebrews  in  appli- 
cation to  Christ.  The  angel  and  word  of  Jehovah.  More  de- 
veloped in  the  wisdom  of  God  Proverbs  chap.  8. 

II.  a  The  righteous  beset  by  foes,  with  attributes  or  results 
transcending  the  human.  Shaped  largely  by  typical  experi- 
ence of  David  as  ^more  vivid  in  Psalmist's  mind,  ^  types  of  this 
class  then  culminated  in  him.  The  removal  of  limitations  ab- 
solute as  in  Ps,  22,  or  partial  as  Ps.  16,  40,  69,  109  mediating 
between  the  merely  human  and  the  exclusively  Messianic.  Sac- 
rificial character  under  the  aspect  of  obedience  rather  than  ex- 
piation Ps.  40,  sufi'erings  issuing  in  salvation  of  world,  Ps.  22, 
yet  not  stated  to  be  vicarious  ;  this  reserved  for  Isa.  53.  Pro- 
phetic office,  h  God  as  Saviour  and  Redeemer,  specially  de- 
veloped Job  19. 

III.  a  The  triumphant  righteous.  David  and  Solomon 
most  suitable  types  from  ^  personal  experience,  ^official  posi- 
tion. Ps.  2,  72,  45  (Solomon's  Song,)  110.  h  Kingdom  view- 
ed on  its  other  side  as  unsatisfactory  amidst  all  its  splendour 
(Ecclesiastes,)  and  tending  to  its  fall  (Lamentations.)  Nega- 
tively Messianic. 

XXXII.    SONG  OF  SOLOMON. 

Ps.  72  and  127  and  three  books  of  0.  T.  ascribed  to  Solo- 
mon. Unity  of  Solomon's  song  denied  from  failure  to  trace 
connection  of  its  parts;  proved  ^by  title,  ^general  impres- 
sion of  the  w^hole,  same  theme,  actors,  recurrence  of  like  ex- 
pressions, similar  passages,  identity  of  style,  abbreviated  rela- 
tive. Authorship,  written  by  Solomon,  1.  The  title.  2.  Al- 
lusion to  objects  connected  with  David  and  Solomon.  3.  Men- 
tion of  localities  in  all  parts  of  land.  4.  Figures  from  nature. 
5.  Peaceful  prosperity.  6.  1  Kin.  4  :  32.  Not  a  drama.  He- 
brews had  no  scenic  representations.  Much  of  it  in  dialogue 
but  no  action  or  plot.  Variously  divided,  no  logical  division 
strictly  possible.  Interpretation.  Not  literal,  Hts  reception 
into  the  canon,  ^the  title,  ^incongruities  and  contradictions, 
^language  used  of  the  bride  and  of  Solomon.  Ewald's  modifi- 
cation, enhances  the  diffculties.  Typical  view  liable  to  similar 
objections.  Allegorical  with  perhaps  a  historical  occasion, 
*  impossibility  of  any  other  view,  ^frequent  use  of  figure  of 


marriage  in  Scripture  and  greater  prominence  given  to  it  after 
the  time  of  Solomon,  ^Ps.  45,  *  names  of  Solomon  and  the 
bride  6  :  13,  ^New  Testament,  « oldest  and  most  prevalent  in- 
terpretation among  Jews  and  Christians.  The  bride  is  the 
people  of  God  collectively.  The  extent  to  which  the  particu- 
lars of  the  allegorical  description  are  significant. 

XXXIII.  JOB. 
Job  a  real  person.  ^  The  localities  real.  "  Names  not 
significant  except  that  of  Job.  ■"'  No  analog}^  for  such  a  fic- 
tion. *  Ezek.  14  :  14,  James  5  :  11.  Not  necessary  to  assume 
literality  of  all  the  details.  Not  an  allegory  representing  ca- 
lamities of  the  Jews.  Period  patriarchal,  author  and  age  of 
book  unknown.  Has  been  referred  4o  time  near  or  after  the 
exile,  without  good  reason  ;  'to  that  of  Moses,  heretofore  most 
common  opinion,  based  chiefly  on  absence  of  allusion  to  facts 
or  revelations  of  Mosaic  age  :  but  the  subject  may  have  de- 
manded this  ;  ^to  age  of  David  and  Solomon,  favoured  by  most 
recent  and  able  continental  scholars,  a  as  golden  age  of  He- 
brew poetry,  h  advance  on  teachings  of  law,  c  resemblance  to 
Psalms  and  Proverbs.  Theme,  sufferings  of  the  righteous. 
Job's  trials  to  test  his  constancy,  as  stated  at  the  outset,  but 
also  to  correct  inward  corruptiun.  ^  God  would  not  have 
dealt  so  with  a  sinless  being.  ^  Self- righteousness  in  Job's 
vindications  and  complaints.  '^  Confirmed  by  Elihu.  *  Job 
is  brought  to  penitence  and  this  the  condition  of  his  restora- 
tion. Satan  accomplishing  purpose  of  God,  represented  by  his 
appearing  among  Sons  of  God.  Solution  of  problem,  ^confi- 
dence in  God's  perfections,  ''uses  of  affliction.  Dramatic  char- 
acter of  book,  not  for  scenic  representation,  action  not  exter- 
nal, but  inward  and  spiritual,  all  centres  about  the  temptation 
of  Job.  Introduction,  ch.  1,  2.  The  Problem  treated,  ch.  3-42. 
The  Discussion,  ch.  3-31.  Job's  opening  complaint,  ch.  3. 
First  series  of  Discourses,  ch.  4-14.  Second  series  of  Dis- 
courses, ch.  15-21.  Third  series  of  Discourses,  ch.  22-31. 
Decision  rendered  by  man  (Elihu)  ch.  32  -37.  Decision  ren- 
dered by  God,  ch.  38-42. 

Argument  turns  on  question  of  Job's  right  to  complain,  as 
he  does  ch.  3.  Growing  harshness  of  the  friends.  Job's  dis- 
course divided  by  ch.  19,  reference  to  vindication  in  future 
state.  1.  Climax  of  former  speeches.  2.  Formality  of  intro- 
duction. 3.  Terms  employed.  4.  History  of  interpretation. 
Vindication  in  present  life  opposed  to  1.  Job's  view  of  his  own 
condition  ;  2.  His  position  in  the  argument.  Refutation  of 
his  friends.  Two-fold  decision.  Elihu's  speech  not  an  inter- 
polation nor  represent  human  reason  and  stand  on  the  platform 
of  the  friends,    1.  Space  devoted  to  it ;    2.  His  position  not 


28 

identical  with  that  of  friends  32  :  3  ;  3,  The  discourse  of  the  Lord 
is  then  made  to  inculcate  simply,  resignation  to  an  inscrutable 
allotment,  which  is  no  solution  at  all.  Elihu,  theoretical  de- 
cision, agrees  with  friends  in  asserting  connection  between  suf- 
fering and  sin,  diifers  1.  Suffering  disciplinary  as  well  as  pen- 
al;  2.  Regards  sin  no  less  than  sins.  The  Lord,  practical 
decision,  sublimity  of  discourse,  no  explanations  or  arguments, 
inferred  from  the  issue,  internal,  ^  external.  Discourse  sub- 
ordinated to  the  effect  to  be  produced  on  Job,  lesson  not  simply 
submission  to  a  power  which  man  cannot  resist,  or  to  a  wisdom 
which  he  cannot  fathom  but  to  Him  who  is  infinitely  perfect. 
Design  of  God  inferred  from  the  result  which  was  not  only  to 
exhibit  Job's  constancy  but  to  advance  his  holiness  and  his 
welfare. 

XXXIV.     PROVERBS. 

Harmony  of  God's  word  and  Providence  as  a  general  fact  : 
not,  however,  'making  utility  the  basis  of  obligation,  nor  ^sub- 
ordinating goodness  to  temporal  prosperity,  nor  ^inculcating  a 
merely  outward  morality.  Advantages  in  teaching  by  pro- 
verbs. These  differ  from  all  others,  ^as  religious,  ^inspired. 
Three  divisions,  ^ch.  1-9,  introductory  verses  1  : 1-7,  connect- 
ed discourse,  commendation  of  wusdom,  counsels  of  a  parent  to 
a  son;  personal  wisdom,  ch.  8  ;  ^ch.  10-24,  proverbs,  brief, 
disconnected,  without  arrangement,  ^ch.  25-29,  copied  out  by 
men  of  Hezekiah.  Appendix  ch.  30,  31,  question  respecting 
Agurand  Lemuel. 


ECCLESIASTES. 


Name  of  book  ;  preacher  identified  wifli  Solomon.  Author, 
^declared  1:1  to  be  the  words  of  Solomon,  ^has  always  been 
regarded  as  his.  Not  only  unbelieving  critics  but  some  evan- 
gelical interpreters  think  it  a  fiction  in  Solomon's  name.  1. 
Said  to  speak  of  Solomon  as  he  could  not  have  spoken  of  him- 
self. The  Preacher  ^t'as  king,  1 :  12  ;  more  wisdom  and  wealth 
than  all  that  were  before  me  in  Jerusalem,  1  :  16  ;  2  :  7,  9. 
2.  Speaks  of  other  matters  as  neither  Solomon  nor  any  con- 
temporary could  have  done,  ^vanity  ascribed  to  human  en- 
deavours implies  a  period  of  depression  and  discouragement. 
But  a  subject  here  discussed  appropriate  in  any  state  of  public 
affairs,  h  these  views  quite  as  naturally  connected  with  a  sur- 
feit of  earthly  prosperity;  "injustice  of  judges  and  oppression 
of  rulers  complained  of  3:16;  4:1;  5:8;  10:5-7  would 
be  a  satire  on  his  own  administration.  But  a  no  ruler  can  cor- 
rect all  abuses  arising  from  his  subordinates,  h  human  expe- 
rience here  viewed  in  general,  not  during  his  own  reign  mere- 
ly, c  there  were  burdens  even  under  Solomon   1  Kin,  12 :  4, 


29 

^7  :  10,  but  this  not  prove  things  less  prosperous  then  than 
formerly.  3.  Aramaeic  character  of  language.  The  peculiar- 
ity of  the  Hebrew  explained  in  part  by  nature  of  subject  and 
mode  of  treatment.  Aramaeisms  not  always  criterion  of  age. 
Solomon's  foreign  connections.  Proverbs  of  this  book  close 
resemblance  to  Book  of  Proverbs. 

Design.  Not  conflicting  opinions  of  various  sages,  nor  in- 
quirer and  teacher,  nor  same  speaker  in  varying  states  of  mind, 
but  continuous  and  consistent  discussion.  Not  designed  to 
teach  merely  the  vanity  of  earthly  pursuits,  nor  Epicureanism, 
nor  fatalism,  nor  the  future  judgment,  nor  wisdom  in  general, 
but  that  outward  prosperity  is  no  certain  index  of  happiness 
or  real  welfare  ;  these  are  only  for  the  good,  ^this  is  explicitly 
stated  8:12,13,  212:13,14,  ^man's  happiness  again  and 
again  declared  to  be  found  not  in  material  accumulations, 
which  are  vain,  but  in  quietly  serving  God  in  the  lot  in  which 
he  has  placed  him. 


SPECIAL  LITERATURE  OF  OLD  TESTAMENT. 

SENIOR      CLASS. 

I.    THE  PROPHET  DEFINED. 

The  prophet  is  an  authoritative  and  infallible  expounder  of 
the  will  of  God.  This  includes  Mivine  commission,  2  qualifi- 
cations, a  supernatural  instruction,  h  infallible  guidance  in  its 
communication.  0.  T.  idea  learned  ^from  formal  definition 
Deut.  18:  18,  19,  whether  generic,  or  specifically  Messianic; 
contrasted  with  a  heathen  diviners  h  false  prophets  ;  criteria, 

*  names,  general,  men  of  God,  servants,  messengers,  shep- 
herds, watchmen  :  specific,  '  spiritual  man'  Hos.  9  :  6,  seer, 
prophet  (Heb.,  Greek)  interpreter  Isa.  43  :  27,  ^expressions  used 
respecting  them .  Not  their  main  or  exclusive  function  to  fore- 
tell the  future,  ^  this  not  included  in  0.  T.  definition,  ^pro- 
phetic power  also  shown  in  disclosures  of  past  or  present,  ^  fu- 
ture revealed  only  as  subservient  to  present  religious  guidance, 

*  exalts  a  subordinate  above  the  principal  end.  Their  inspir- 
ation not  merely  that  of  superior  genius  or  piety,  ^character  of 
the  revelations,  ^  Balaam,  Saul,  Caiaphas.  Invariably  of  the 
chosen  people,  Abimelech,  Pharaoh,  Nebuchadnezzar,  Balaam. 
Like  unto  Moses ,  not  reformers  of  the  law  nor  antagonistic 
to  it.  Distinguished  from  priests  and  judges  ;  assume  their 
functions  in  extraordinary  emergencies.  Successive  stages  of 
divine  communication  :  theophany,  prophecy,  incarnation,  uni- 
versal indwelling  of  the  Spirit. 

n.  PROPHETIC  ORDER. 
The  gift  of  prophecy  distinguished  from  the  prophetic  ofiice  ; 
Samuel  to  Malachi,  usage  of  the  terms  seer  and  'prophet.  Call 
of  the  prophets,  no  rite  of  induction,  no  fixed  age,  companies 
of  prophets,  sons  of  prophets,  college  2  Kin.  22:  14,  no  pre- 
paratory schooling,  mode  of  life,  dress,  permanence  of  inspira- 
tion, inferiority  to  Moses,  mental  and  physical  state  while  pro- 
phesying. Divine  communications  made  by  inward  suggestion, 
audible  voice,  angels,  visions  of  sensible  objects,  of  symbols 
from  the  ritual  and  other  sources,  of  supersensuous  objects. 
Agency  of  the  prophets  in  obtaining  revelations,  their  ability 
to  understand  what  they  were  commissioned  to  utter. 

III.     FUNCTION  OF  THE  PROPHETS. 

1.  Relative  to  their  contemporaries,  performed  by  oral  dis- 
course, by  messengers,  by  letter.  The  sphere  of  their  personal 
ministry,  Israel ;  object  of  occasional  and  exceptional  visits  to 
the  heathen  ;  itinerant ;  stationary  ;  discourses  in  public  places. 


31 

Symbolical  actions,  performed  by  themselves  or  others,  or  sim- 
ply narrated  ;  Fairbairn's  rule  ;  performed  by  false  prophets 
■and  by  others.  Signs  to  confirm  their  messages,  miraculous 
or  not.  Estimate  in  which  they  were  held  ;  their  treatment. 
2.  Relative  to  succeeding  generations,  performed  by  their 
writings.  The  lost  books  of  the  prophets,  books  preserved  in 
the  canon.  Period  of  the  first  reduction  of  prophecies  to  writ- 
ing. This  was  with  the  design,  'of  benefiting  future  ages, 
*of  evidencing  the  justice  of  the  divine  dealings,  ^of  proving 
the  subjection  of  Israel  to  Assyria  and  Babylon  to  be  the  work 
of  God,  not  of  those  mighty  states  themselves,  *of  recording 
the  lessons  of  the  period.  The  books  of  the  prophets  were 
written  and  arranged  by  themselves,  as  shown  by  ^the  ante- 
cedent probability,  -positive  statements,  ■''their  use  of  the  first 
person,  *the  testimony  of  tradition  sanctioned  by  inspired  au- 
thority. Relation  of  these  books  to  their  oral  discourses  ;  res- 
toration of  the  latter  neither  possible  nor  needful.  Calvin's 
opinion.  They  may  contain,  ^individual  discourses,  ^ abstracts 
GT  summaries  of  many  discourses,  ^what  was  never  orally  de- 
livered. They  were  not  written  piecemeal,  but  continuously. 
General  grounds  in  favor  of  their  genuineness  and  the  integri- 
ty of  their  text,  positive  and  negative.  Objections  are  recent, 
readily  accounted  for,  based  on  destructive  principles,  lead  to 
■wild  and  contradictory  results.  Genuineness  and  truth  of  the 
titles.     The  style  of  the  books  of  the  prophets. 

lY.  CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  PROPHETS. 
Number  of  the  prophets,  canonical  and  extra-canonical,  for- 
mer and  latter,  major  and  minor ;  arrangement  of  the  minor 
prophets  in  the  Hebrew  canon  shown  to  be  chronological  by  * 
the  titles,  ^  analogy,  ^tradition,  ^absence  of  proof  to  the  con- 
trary ;  difi"erent  arrangement  in  the  septuagint ;  prophets  of 
Judah  and  of  Israel,  analogous  distinction  of  apostolic  labour ; 
faur  periods :  Assyrian,  in  Israel,  Hosea,  Amos,  Jonah  ;  in 
Judah  Joel,  Obadiah,  Isaiah,  Micah,  Nahum.  Chaldean,  Jere- 
miah, Habakkuk,  Zephaniah.  Exile,  Ezekiel,  Daniel.  Restor- 
ation, Haggai,  Zechariah,  Malachi. 

V.     PROPHETS  OF  THE  KINGDOM  OF  ISRAEL. 

The  complete  study  of  the  prophets  embraces  ^each  book  in 
its  specific  character,  plan  and  contents,  ^relation  to  its  own 
group  or  period,  ^to  the  entire  scheme  of  revelation  through 
all  the  prophets,  *to  the  whole  0.  T.  Begin  with  prophets  of 
Israel,  ^chronological  order,  ^thus  complete  one  kingdom  be- 
fore proceeding  to  the  other,  ^progress.  Their  ministries  de- 
termined, 1,  by  character  of  kingdom,  ^  inherently  sinful,  a 
achism,  b  apostasy  ;   ^  universal  corruption,   a  kings,   b  people. 


32 

crimes  of  violence,  regicides,  usurpations,  interregnums.  Its 
history  omitted  in  Chronicles.  2.  By  purpose  of  God  respect- 
ing it.  His  forbearance  shown  by  ^preserving  it  for  nearly 
two  centuries,  ^interrupting  the  course  of  degradation  from 
Jeroboam  to  Ahab  by  a^ministries  of  Elijah  and  Elisha,  b  Jehu, 
his  reform,  ability  and  prosperity,  descendants  to  fourth  gene- 
ration, ^prophets  of  this  period.  Judgment  at  hand  ;  the  king- 
dom soon  to  be  overthrown  by  Assyria.  1.  Ministry  of  de- 
nunciation ;  Hosea  directly,  Jonah  indirectly,  Amos  both.  2. 
Messianic  promises,  no  allusion  to  person  of  Messiah,  as  by 
prophets  of  Judah,  Uhe  more  obscure  form  sufficient  for  the 
present  purpose,  ^marks  for  his  recognition  not  required  in 
Israel  as  in  Judah.  Messianic  period  presented  simply  in  con- 
trast to  present  and  prospective  evils,  by  Hosea  and  Amos 
explicitly,  by  Jonah  implicitly.  Hosea,  blessings  to  Israel ; 
Jonah,  calling  of  the  Gentiles  ;  Amos  both.  Amos,  spiritual 
subjugation  of  the  heathen  by  Israel;  Jonah,  voluntary  con- 
version of  the  heathen,  while  Israel  remains  impenitent.  3. 
Personal  relations,  Hosea's  father,  Amos'  residence  and  occu- 
pation, Jonah's  father  and  residence.  4.  Citizenship,  Hosea 
and  Jonah,  Israel ;  Amos,  Judah.  5.  Scene  of  their  ministry, 
Hosea,  kingdom  of  ten  tribes  ;  Amos,  Bethel  7  :  13  ;  Jonah, 
Nineveh.  6.  Book  of  Hosea,  summary  of  a  long  ministry. 
Of  Jonah  and  Amos  a  single  brief  mission,  which  in  the  case 
of  Amos  may  have  been  the  whole  of  his  prophetic  career,  in 
the  case  of  Jonah  was  not,  2  Kin.  14  :  25.  7.  Hosea  treats  of 
duty  and  destiny  of  covenant  people ;  Amos  relates  both  to 
covenant  people  and  Gentile  nations ;  Jonah  to  a  particular 
Gentile  nation.  8.  Hosea  and  Jonah  symbolic  actions  ;  Amos 
symbolic  visions.     9.  All  recognized  and  referred  to  in  N.  T. 

VI.  PERSON  AND  BOOK  OF  HOSEA. 
Name,  parentage,  belonged  to  kingdom  of  Israel,  ^analogy, 
^places  and  events,  ^1:2;  6  :  10 ;  7:5.  Objection  1 :  1 
names  kings  of  Judah ;  but  because  he  recognizes  royal  house 
of  Judah  as  only  legitimate  one  ;  Jeroboam  also  mentioned 
for  more  exact  date  and  as  having  partial  divine  sanction  2 
Kin.  14:25-27.  His  marriage  allegorical;  literal  sense  re- 
volting, 2  analogy  of  Lev.  21 :  7,  ^ch.  3,  *  significant  names, 
'^protracted  time.  Duration  of  ministry  1 : 1,  alleged  to  be  in- 
consistent with  book  itself,  but  disagreement  of  those  who 
make  the  assertion,  ^grounds  precarious,  ^truth  established  by 
1  : 4  and  10  :  14.  General  proofs  of  genuineness  and  truth  of 
title,  ^same  external  evidence  as  the  rest  of  the  text,  '^varieties 
in  their  form  and  contents,  ^its  reception  proof  of  accuracy. 
Book  probably  not  contain  all  the  prophecies  he  ever  uttered, 
not  divisible  into  distinct  discourses  delivered  on  separate  oc- 


33 

casions,  Hlie  historical  allusions  relied  upon  for  the  purpose  of 
doubtful  character,  ^the  conclusion  unwarranted,  ^diversity  in 
the  results,  ^confusion  assumed,  ^nothing  to  justify  such  a  par- 
tition. General  summary  of  his  entire  ministry  prepared  and 
published  at  its  close.  Two  parts,  each  divisible  into  three 
sections  beginning  with  denunciation  and  ending  with  promise. 
I.  Ch.  1-3  allegorical,  a  1  :  2—2  :  1,  b1:  2-23,  c  ch.  3.  II. 
Ch.  4-14  literal,  a  4  :  1-6  :  3,  5  6  :  4-11  :  11,  c  11 :  12—14  :9. 
Denunciations  abound,  promises  brief.  I.  Prophet's  marriage, 
ch.  1,  symbolizes  the  Lord's  relation  to  Israel ;  sin  thus  repre- 
sented as  ^shameless  violation  of  sacred  obligations,  ^repudia- 
tion of  their  own  solemn  engagements,  ^outrage  on  the  most 
tender  love.  Children  by  Horsley  :  Jezreel,  the  truly  pious; 
Lo-Ruhamah,  ten  tribes;  Lo-Ammi,  Judah.  Others,  ^three 
successive  generations  of  increasing  degeneracy,  or  -successive 
judgments  ;  properly  separate  names  having  not  a  distinct  but 
a  cumulative  force  descriptive  of  their  coming  rejection  and 
doom.  In  Messiah's  days  their  feebleness,  schism  and  exile 
shall  end,  and  the  symbolic  names  shall  be  reversed.  Ch.  2 
allegory  dropped  but  the  figure  retained,  same  alternation  of 
judgment  and  promise  with  the  names  of  doom  reversed.  Ch.  3 
another  allegor}^,  price  of  a  female  slave  Ex.  21 :  32,  redemp- 
tion from  the  bondage  of  Egypt,  secluded  alike  from  her  para- 
mours and  her  husband  and  awaiting  her  future  union  with 
him.  II.  Promissory  passages  progressive  in  length  and  a 
climax  in  thought  :  6  :  3-1  exhortation  to  repentance  and  con- 
ditional promise,  11  :  8-11  God's  persistent  love  struggling  on 
their  behalf,  14  : 1-9  Israel  actually  penitent  and  God's  love 
freely  restored  to  them. 

VII.     PREDICTIOXS  OF  HOSEA. 

Nearer  ^1:4  house  of  Jehu,  comp.  2  Kin.  10  :  80  ;  15  :  10, 
12,  ^destruction  of  the  kingdom,  desolation  of  the  land,  exile 
of  the  people  1  :  4,  6  ;  2  :  11-13  ;  3:4,  et  passim  ;  locality  of 
exile,  Egypt  8:13;  9  :  16,  not  Egypt  but  Assyria  11  : 5,  both 
Egypt  and  Assyria  9:3;  11  :  11,  harmonized,  ^miraculous  de- 
liverance of  Judah  1 :  6,  comp.  2  Kin.  19 :  35,  ^subsequent  de- 
struction of  Judah's  cities  8  :  14,  and  captivity  presupposed 
1:11,  comp.  2  Kin.  25:8,9.  More  remote  ^multiplication 
1 :  10,  2return  to  God  1  :  10  ;  2  :  14-23,  etc.,  ^union  with  Ju- 
dah 1:11  under  king  David,  i.  e.,  the  lawful  prince  of  David's 
line  3  :  5,  ^return  from  the  land  of  their  exile,  1  :  11 ;  11 :  11. 
Contrast  to  existing  or  threatened  evils,  ^destruction  of  the 
kingdom,  -apostasy,  ^schism,  *  captivity.  Partial  fulfilment 
in  return  of  some  of  ten  tribes  with  Judah  after  Babylonish  cap- 
tivity, residue  Messianic,  to  be  fulfilled  not  to  lineal  desceu- 
5 


34 

dants  of  ten  tribes,  but  to  the  spiritual  seed  of  Israel.  'Israe-I 
never  coextensive  with  Abraham's  descendants,  Ishraael,  Ke- 
turah,  Esau,  circumcision  Gen.  17  :  12,  IS,  27,  multiplication  in 
Egypt,  mixed  multitude  Ex.  12:38,  stranger  as  one  born  in 
the  land  Ex.  12  :  48,  49,  violator  of  the  covenant  cut  off  from 
his  people,  Gen.  17  :  14,  etc. ;  excision  and  incorporation  not 
only  of  individuals  but  on  a  large  scale,  at  rejection  of  ten 
tribes  Hos.  1  :  10,  2  Kin,  17  :  18,  at  coming  of  Christ.  Con- 
tinuity of  Israel  as  the  church  and  people  of  God  preserved  in 
Christian  church,  ^N.  T.,  John  8  :  39,  Gal.  3  :  7,  28,  29,  Rom. 
2:28,29;  4:11,12;  9:6-8,  ch.  11,  Eph.  2  :  12-20,  Rev. 
2:9;  3:9,  etc.,  etc.,  ^these  very  predictions  of  Hosea  applied 
to  believing  Gentiles,  Rom.  9  :  25,  26 ;  1  Pet.  2  :  9,  10.  Mean- 
ing of  these  promises  to  the  church  ;  to  be  fulfilled  to  the  lineal 
descendants,  when  they  believe  just  as  to  others ;  beyond  this 
a  literal  fulfilment  to  them  ?  Hen  tribes  wholly  lost,  ^N.  T. 
predicts  conversion  of  Jews,  but  not  return  to  Palestine,  ^then 
fulfilled  to  seed  of  unbelieving  Jews  to  the  exclusion  of  Jews 
who  embraced  Christ,  *  nevertheless  providential  facts,  Jews 
preserved  a  distinct  people  and  Palestine  unoccupied,  ^figura- 
tive not  exclude  literal  fulfilment.  Event  here  as  in  other 
cases  will  decide. 

VIII.    AMOS, 

Not  to  be  confounded  with  Amoz,  occupation,  residence,  sent 
to  Israel  from  Judah,  comp,  1  Kin,  13  : 1,  days  of  Uzziah  and 
Jeroboam,  two  years  before  the  earthquake  Zech.  14  :  5,  date  of 
book.  Ch.  1-6  literal,  ch.  7-9  allegorical.  Three  parts,  1. 
1:  2 — 2  :  5  introductory.  2.  2  :  6—9  :  10  denunciation  of  Is- 
rael. 3.  9:11-15  promissory.  Opens  1:2  with  sentence 
from  Joel  3:16.  Preliminary  denunciation  of  seven  nations, 
Syria,  Philistines,  Tyre,  Edom,  Ammon,  Moab,  Judah,  success- 
ive stanzas  of  like  construction,  suggesting  argument  a  fortiori. 
Offences  charged  against  the  theocracy,  Moab  2=1.  Five  vi- 
sions :  1.  Instruments  of  judgment  7  :  1-3,  locusts  symbolical, 
^effects,  ^succeeding  emblems,  ^scriptural  analogy,  Joel,  ch. 
1,2,  Rev.  9:3.  2,  Source  7:4-6.  3.  Character  7:7-9; 
interruption.  4.  Nearness  8  :  1-3.  5.  Infliction  9:1.  Pre- 
dictions, nearer  *  house  of  Jeroboam  7  :  9,  comp.  2  Kin.  15  :  10, 
^destruction  of  kingdom,  desolation  of  land,  exile  of  people 
beyond  Damascus  5:27,  etc.,  etc.,  ^mortality  6  :  9,  10,  *Am- 
aziah  7  :  17,  ^Bethel  3  :  14  ;  5:5  and  high  places  7  :  9,  comp. 
2  Kin.  13  :  15  -20.  More  remote,  Habernacle  of  David  9:11, 
"Edom  and  all  the  heathen^  which  are  called  by  my  name,  ver. 
12,  comp.  Acts  15:15-17,  ''permanent  restoration  and  divine 
blessing,  vs.  13-15.  Amos  agrees  with  Hosea,  proximate  fu- 
ture,   'fall  of  house  of   Jeroboam,   'destruction  of   kingdom; 


Messianic,  ^permanent  restoration,  ^union  under  son  of  David  ; 
goes  beyond  him  ^prostrate  condition  of  family  of  David,  ^ex- 
plicit announcement  of  the  calling  of  Gentiles. 

IX.    JONAH. 

Father,  residence,  date,  ^2  Kin.  14  :  25,  ^position  of  book, 
^first  recorded  Assyrian  interference,  2  Kin.  15 :  19.  Con- 
trast to  his  former  ministry,  *ch.  1,  2,  first  mission,  ^ch.  3,  4, 
second  mission.  Extraordinary  and  less  for  direct  effect  on 
Nineveh  than  indirect  on  Israel,  ^  usage  of  prophets  and  of  0. 
T.,  Elisha,  2  Kin.  8:7,  -^no  pains  to  deepen  the  impression  or 
render  it  permanent.  Two  lessons,  1 .  Admonitory,  comp.  Ezek. 
3:5-7,  Mat.  12:41.  2.  Symbolic  of  calling  of  Gentiles, 
^natural  import,  ^analogous  cases,  Elijah  at  Zarephath,  Elisha 
and  Naaman,  Jesus  in  Samaria,  and  the  borders  of  Tyre  and 
Sidon,  wise  men  from  the  east,  ^Mat.  12  :  39,  40,  ^position  of 
the  book,  ^best  explanation  of  conduct  of  prophet.  Historical 
character,  objections  from,  hniracle  of  the  fish,  ^repentance 
ofNinevites,  ^silence  of  profane  historians.  Proved  ^ by  the 
natural  interpretation  of  the  language,  -particulars  not  con- 
nected with  the  general  design,  ''universal  belief,  ^reception 
into  canon,  ^N.  T.  Not  written  near,  in  or  after  the  captivity; 
this  urged  from  ^  Jonah  spoken  of  in  third  person,  -Aramae- 
isms,  ^Jonah's  prayer,  "^S  :  8,  but  see  4  :  11.  Written  by  Jo- 
nah, U  :  1,  ^  among  books  of  prophets,  •''no  reflection  of  post- 
exilic  prejudices,  *  tradition. 

X.     PROPHETS  OF  JUDA.H  IN  THE  ASSYRIAN  PERIOD. 

Nature  of  ministries  mainly  determined  by  ^spiritual  condi- 
tion of  people  ;  character  of  the  Kings,  struggle  between  good 
and  evil.  ^ God's  providences  and  purposes,  mingled  mercy 
and  judgment.  Ministry  of  gentleness  rather  than  severity. 
Positively,  greater  space  and  prominence  given  to  promise,  Joel, 
Isaiah,  Micah,  contrast  with  prophets  of  Israel.  Negatively, 
denunciation  of  foes  and  oppressors,  contrast  again.  Range  of 
foresight  determined,  ^  by  lessons  needed  for  present,  '^  prepara- 
tion for  necessities  of  future,  a  Judah's  continued  existence,  h 
calamities  of  next  period,  c  collision  with  great  empires,  d  marks 
for  the  recognition  of  Messiah.  More  extensive  than  in  Israel ; 
not  only  to  fall  of  that  kingdom,  nor  to  judgments  upon  Judah 
in  this  period  from  Syria  and  Israel  and  from  Assyria,  but  also 
to  the  great  judgment  of  next  period  Babylonish  exile  and  res- 
toration from  it,  and  the  associated  facts  in  the  sphere  of  the 
world,  the  judgment  to  be  executed  by  Babylon  upon  other 
nations  and  upon  Babylon  itself.  Messianic  prediction  not 
limited  as  in  Israel  to  contrast  with  evils  then  threatened  or  en- 
dured,  but  developed  into  'the  positive  ideal  of   tlie  people  of 


36 

God  and  -of  the  wlioie  world.  ^  Person  of  Messiah  presented 
as  the  basis  of  present  confidence  with  marks  for  his  future  re- 
cognition. Five  prophets  :  '  Personal  relations.  '  Duration 
of  ministry.  ^ Structure  of  books.  *  Theme.  '^  Messianic 
revelations. 

XL     JOEL. 

Others  of  the  name,  son  of  Pethuel,  ministry  in  Judah,  no 
proof  of  priestly  descent,  date  inferred  from  position  of  book. 
Objection  ^  from  3  :  2  'scattered  Israel';  -enemies  named. 
Two  parts  of  36  vs.  each  :  1.  1  :  2 — 2  :  17  the  judgment  and 
exhortation  to  penitence.  2.  2  :  18 — 3  :  21  the  blessing.  Di- 
visions of  one  continuous  prophecy,  not  two  separate  discourses. 
The  locusts  symbolical,  ^natural  and  scriptural  figure  for  hostile 
invaders,  ^severity  of  judgment,  ^not  past  or  present  but  fu- 
ture, "^connection  of  the  prophecy,  ^expressions  betraying  the 
real  meaning,  nation  1  :  6,  people  2  :  2,  northern  2  :  20,  '  hath 
done  great  things,'  perish  in  both  the  eastern  and  Avestern  sea, 
heathen  rule  over  them  2  :  17,  years  2  :  25,  horses,  chariots, 
mighty  men  2  :  4-9,  figure  exchanged  for  that  of  fire  1:19,  20, 
'^  history  of  interpretation.  Objections:  klestroy  only  prod- 
ucts of  the  earth,  -  particulars  not  separately  significant.  Sig- 
nificance of  four  names  of  locust.  Promises :  ^  removal  of 
scourge  and  restoration  of  what  had  been  lost  2  :  18-29,  ^  be- 
stowment  of  spiritual  gifts  vs.  28-32,  ^destruction  of  foes  ch.  3. 
Teacher  of  righteousness  2  :  23  ;  ^ early  authorities,  -usage  of 
word,  'h'ighteousness,  not  'moderately,'  *else  tautology.  Out- 
pouring of  the  Spirit  upon  all  flesh,  comp.  Acts  2  :  16,  etc.  ;  fol- 
lowed by  judgments  on  the  enemies  of  God's  kingdom,  premo- 
nitions 2  :  30,  31,  judgment  itself  ch.  3,  valley  of  Jehoshaphat, 
'charge  against  the  nations  vs.  1-8,  "infliction  vs.  9-16,  ^bles- 
sed results  vs.  17-21. 

XIL     OBADIAH. 

Book  brief,  but  not  a  fragment,  name,  borne  by  others,  min- 
istry in  Judah,  date  inferred  from  position  of  book.  Objection 
from  vs.  11-11.  Confirmed  ^  perhaps  by  ver.  20,  -  indefinite 
allusion  to  Chaldeans  ver.  11,  ^denunciations  of  Edom  in  same 
period  by  Joel,  Amos,  Isaiah,  Three  parts  :  vs.  1-9  the  dea- 
olation  to  which  Edom  was  doomed,  vs.  10-16  reason  of  it,  his 
unbrotherly  treatment  of  Judah,  vs.  17-21  contrasted  restora- 
tion and  enlargement  of  Israel.  Predictions.  1.  Capture  of 
Jerusalem  vs.  11-14.  2.  Hostility  then  shown  by  Edom  comp. 
Ps.  137  :  7,  Ezek.  35  :  5.  3.  Overthrow  of  Edom  a  by  the  na- 
tions ver.  1  fulfilled  by  Nebuchadnezzar  comp.  Mai.  1  :  3,  4,  5 
by  the  house  of  Jacob  restored  to  their  ancient  seats  ver.  18.  4. 
Day  of  the  Lord  upon  all  nations  vs.  15,  16,  fulfilled  succes- 
sively and  simultaneously.     5.  Restoration  of  Israel  vs.  17-21. 


37 

Saviours  human  cliampions  and  the  Messiah.  Correspondence 
■with  preceding  and  succeeding  prophets,  Jeremiah  ch,  49  ;  not 
^independently  suggested  to  both,  nor  ^servile  imitation,  but  ^ 
indication  of  oneness,  ^mutual  sanction,  ^ call  attention  to  what 
is  about  to  pass  into  accomplishment.  Incidental  evidence  of 
genuineness  and  canonicity  of  earlier  Scriptures.  Critical  ex- 
tremes, ^pedantic  minuteness  and  baseless  conclusions;  ^alter- 
ations  of  text  to  restore  an  imaginary  conformity. 

XIII.     ISAIAH,  PRELIMINARY  AND  CH.  1-6. 

Name,  father,  residence,  "  the  middle  city"  2  Kin.  20  :  4, 
wife,  prophetess  8 :  3,  children,  three  leading  events.  Date 
1  :  1,  comp.  6  :  1,  36  :  1.  Some  suppose  him  to  have  survived 
Hezekiah,  arguing  ^from  tradition,  comp.  Heb.  11  :  37,  ^2 
Chron.  32  :  32,  ^  Isa.  37  :  37,  38,  ^not  forbidden  by  Isa.  1  :  1, 
comp.  Jer.  1  :  3,  Dan.  1  :2l.  Structure  of  the  book  :  ^Utterly 
confused.  ^  Partial  and  orderly  collections  receiving  acciden- 
tal accretions  and  ultimately  blended.  ^Chronological,  ch.  6 
not  the  prophet's  inauguration,  ch.  1  initial  discourse  or  general 
introduction  to  the  book,  rests  on  interpretation  of  vs.  7-9. 
*  Topical,  Vitringa  as  follows  :  1.  ch.  1-12  prophecies  relating 
to  Judah  and  Ephraim.  2.  ch.  13-23  prophecies  relating  to 
other  nations.  3.  ch.  24-35  punishment  of  Jews  and  enemies 
of  church.  4.  ch.  36-39  historical.  5.  ch.  40-48  Babylonish 
exile  and  deliverance.  6.  ch.  49-66 person  and  reign  of  Christ. 
Gesenius  substantially  the  same,  but  joins  5  and  6  as  both  re- 
lating to  the  deliverance  from  the  exile.  ^Combine  chronolog- 
ical and  topical,  record  of  his  ministry  in  its  leading  periods, 
viz  :  1.  ch.  1-6  before  the  Syrian  invasion.  2.  ch.  7-37  ex- 
tending to  the  Assyrian  invasion.  3.  ch.  38-66  subsequent  to 
the  Assyrian  invasion. 

The  first,  denunciation  and  judgment;  no  promise  whether 
of  blessing  to  the  people  or  judgment  on  their  foes  in  the  prox- 
imate future,  person  of  Messiah  only  obscurely  alluded  to, 
Messianic  period  in  contrast  with  present  character  and  condi- 
tion of  people.  The  second,  alternate  judgment  and  mercy, 
Messiah  as  king.  The  third,  mercy  and  comfort,  Messiah  as 
a  prophet  and  sufferer,  the  antitype  and  head  of  his  people ; 
adapted  not  to  varying  circumstances  of  present,  but  a  great 
necessity  of  the  future,  hence  not  distinct  discourses  as  the 
preceding  but  one  connected  composition.  Unity  of  plan  in 
the  whole  book.  I.  The  denunciations  of  the  early  chapters 
increase  in  vehemence  until  they  culminate  in  the  sentence  of 
desolation  by  successive  judgments  pronounced  by  God  himself 
in  the  vision  of  ch.  6  ;  this  the  germ  of  all  that  comes  after. 
II.  1.  Ch.  7-12  Prophecies  occasioned  by  the  first  of  the  pre- 
dicted judgments,  the  invasion  by  Syria  and  Ephraim,  promis- 


88 

ing  deliverance  from  this  but  threatening  a  sorer  one  to  come. 
2.  Ch.  13-27  meaning  of  these  predicted  events  to  the  world 
at  large.  3.  Ch.  28-35  occasioned  by  the  approach  of  the 
second  judgment,  the  Assyrian  invasion,  promising  its  miracu- 
lous defeat.  4.  Ch.  36,  37  record  of  the  Assyrian  invasion 
and  its  overthrow.  III.  1.  Ch.  38,  39  occasion  of  predicting 
the  third  judgment,  that  by  Babylon.  2.  Ch.  40-66  comfort 
in  view  of  this  judgment  and  assurance  of  ultimate  deliverance. 
1.  Subdivided  into  ch.  1,  ch.  2-4,  ch.  5  and  ch.  6.  Ch.  1, 
vs.  2-4  charge  of  ingratitude  and  sin,  vs.  5-9  land  to  be  ra- 
vaged in  consequence,  vs.  10-15  observance  of  the  ritual  could 
not  save  them,  vs.  16-20  sin  must  be  repented  of  and  forsaken, 
or  vs.  21-31  it  shall  be  wiped  out  by  judgment.  Ch.  2-4  : 
'2  :  2-4  Zion's  glorious  destiny,  as  the  seat  of  a  worship  which 
shall  attract  and  bless  all  nations,  ^2  :  5 — 4  :  1  present  failure 
to  realize  this  destiny,  which  is  due  to  their  sins  and  shall  be 
remedied  by  judgments,  ^^4  :  2-6  Zion  shall  be  thus  purged  of 
evil  and  rise  to  her  true  blessedness  and  glory  ;  Branch  of  the 
Lord  and  fruit  of  the  earth  denotes  the  Messiah,  Hhe  Branch 
Jer.  23  :  5 ;  33  :  15,  Zech.  3:8;  6  :  12,  comp.  Isa.  11 :  1, 
2  ancient  and  common  explanation,  ^no  other  satisfactory. 
Ch.  5,  Parable  of  the  vine  and  its  application.  Ch.  6,  The 
vision,  commission  and  announcement. 

XIV.     ISAIAH   CH.  7-12. 

Interval  between  ch.  6  and  ch.  7.  Subdivision  of  ch.  7-12  : 
1.  Ch.  7,  circumstances,  deliverance  from  this  invasion,  but  a 
severer  one  from  Assyria.  2.  8  :  1 — 9  :  7,  Both  from  this  pre- 
sent and  that  future  distress  Immanuel  is  a  pledge  of  protec- 
tion to  them  that  fear  God.  3.  9  :  8 — 10  :  4  Ephraim  the  foe 
of  the  present  shall  perish.  4.  10  :  5-34  Assyria  the  foe  of 
the  future  shall  likewise  perish.  5.  Ch.  11,  12,  Blessings  of 
Immanuel's  reigu.  Ch.  7,  Isaiah  sent  to  meet  Ahaz,  circum- 
stances, locality  comp.  36  :  2,  message  vs.  7-9,  sign  the  virgin's 
child  comp.  Ex,  3  :  11,  12,  time  of  deliverance  indicated  vs. 
15,  16.  Almah  a  virgin,  ^etymology,  ^ usage,  -^cognate  lan- 
guages, *LXX.  A  child  miraculously  born,  ^Mat.  1:22,  23, 
'solemnity  of  the  announcement,  ^the  name  and  8:8-10, 
*9:  6,  7.  Not  the  prophet's  child,  Another  a  virgin,  ^8:  1-4. 
Three  views,  ^Messianic,  -non-Messianic,  ^double  sense.  8:1 
— 9  : 7  Maher-shalal-hash-baz,  deliverance  from  present  and 
future  judgments  for  those  who  fear  God,  of  which  Immanuel 
is  the  pledge,  scene  of  his  ministry  9  : 1,  2,  its  consequences, 
multiplication,  joy,  deliverance,  end  of  war  vs.  3-5,  person 
and  titles  vs.  6,  7,  Jewish,  Rationalistic  and  Messianic  inter- 
pretations. 9  :8— 10  :4,  overthrow  of  Ephraim  in  four  stan- 
zas with  like  endino;.     10  :  5- 


30 

cherib's  march,  cut  down  as  a  forest.  Ch.  11,  12  in  contrast 
Messiah  sprout  from  root  of  Jesse,  filled  with  the  Spirit,  restores 
Paradise,  gathers  the  Gentiles  and  remnant  of  Israel,  unites 
Judah  and  Ephraim,  makes  them  victorious  over  all  foes. 
Messianic  passages  :  7  :  14-16  ;  9: 1-7,  ch.  11,  12  progressive 
climax. 

XV.    ISAIAH  CH.   13-37. 

Ch.  13-27,  Ten  burdens  culminating  in  judgment  on  the 
whole  Avorld,  followed  by  triumph  of  the  Lord's  people,  two 
mutually  corresponding  series,  two-fold  design,  massa.  1.  ch. 
13-14:  27  Babylon,  the  object  of  two  burdens,  here  first  con- 
nected with  Judah's  exile,  to  be  overthrown  by  the  Medes  13  : 
17  and  become  a  perpetual  desolation  vs.  19-22,  in  order 
to  the  deliverance  of  the  chosen  people,  who  sing  their  song  of 
triumph  over  the  oppressor's  downfall  14  : 1-23  ;  Assyria's 
overthrow  vs.  24,  25.  2.  14  :  28-32  Philistia  rejoicing  in  ca- 
lamities of  Judah,  threatened  with  a  more  formidable  enemy  from 
the  north,  by  whom  she  should  be  devastated  in  order  to  Zion's 
more  complete  establishment.  3,  Ch.  15,  16  against  Moab.  4. 
Ch.  17,  18  Damascus..  ^  17:  1-11  denunciation  of  Syria  pas- 
sing over  ver,  3  into  one  against  Ephraim  its  ally  in  assaulting 
Judah,  ^  17  :  12-14  denounces  all  succeeding  invaders,  however 
numerous  and  powerful,  with  special  reference  to  Sennacherib, 
^ch.  18  his  fall  announced  to  Ethiopia  and  other  distant  nations, 
who  bring  offerings  to  God.  5.  Ch.  19,  20  Egypt  ^  19  :  1-17 
ruin  under  image  of  drying  the  Nile,  ^  vs.  18-25  mercy,  the 
salvation  five  times  greater  than  the  destruction  ver.  18,  altar 
ver.  19,  union  of  Assyria  and  Egypt  ver.  23,  and  of  both  with 
Israel  vs.  24,  26,  ^ch.  20  symbolical  action  defining  time  of 
fulfilment.  6.  21 :  1-10  Desert  of  the  sea  i.  e.  Babylon  ;  Elam 
or  Persia  joined  with  the  Medes  in  its  capture  in  a  night  of  fes- 
tivity. 7.  21  :  11,  12  Dumah,  silence  i.  e.  Edom.  8.  21  :  14- 
17  Arabia.  9.  ch.  22  valley  of  vision  i.  e.  Jerusalem,  ^vs.  1- 
14  denunciation  of  the  city,  -  vs.  15-19  degradation  and  exile 
of  Shebna,  ^vs.  20-25  exaltation  and  establishment  of  Eliakim. 
10.  ch.  23  Tyre  to  be  overthrown  by  the  Chaldeans  vs.  1-15, 
but  to  revive  after  seventy  years  and  her  gain  to  be  consecrat- 
ed to  the  Lord  vs.  15-18.  Ch.  24  General  judgment  of  the 
whole  world.     Ch.  25-27  Judah's  triumph  and  blessedness. 

Ch.  28-35  preparatory  to  Assyrian  invasion  ;  28  : 1-6  over- 
throw of  kingdom  of  ten  tribes,  followed  in  rest  of  section  by 
rebukes  and  threatenings  of  Judah  with  interjected  promises  of 
Assyria's  overthrow  and  Judah's  deliverance.  Ch.  36,  37,  Sen- 
nacherib's invasion,  Isaiah's  prophecy,  miraculous  defeat. 


40 

XVI.  ISAIAH  CH.  38—48. 

Ch.  38,  39  Hezekiah's  sickness,  recovery,  congratulatory 
message,  prediction  of  Babylonish  captivity.  Ch.  40-66  Com- 
fort under  this  foreseen  calamity,  why  so  long  before  the  event, 
drawn  from  the  Mission  and  Destiny  of  Chosen  People,  which 
is  the  theme  of  these  chapters.  Their  sufferings  ^ arose  not 
from  God's  weakness  but  their  sins,  ^were  designed  to  fit  them 
for  and  further  the  accomplishment  of  their  task  ^would  issue 
in  blessedness  and  glory.  No  logical  but  a  formal  division  sug- 
gested 48  :  22,  67  :  21.  1.  Ch.  40-48  Deliverance  from  exile, 
characteristic  chap.  45.  2  Ch.  49-57  Sufferings  and  triumph  of 
Messiah,  ch.  53.  3.  Ch.  58-66  Future  glory  of  God's  people 
ch.  60.  Shadowed  forth  40  :  2.  Mission  of  Covenant  People, 
includes  work  of  Messiah,  both  embraced  under  name  Servant 
of  the  Lord,  ^appropriateness  of  title,  ^analogies,  seed  of  Abra- 
ham, the  prophet,  son  of  David,  Christ  and  his  church  in  N.  T., 
3  N.  T.  Acts  13  :  47,  comp.  Isa.  49 :  6,  2  Cor.  6  :  2,  comp. 
Isa.  49  :  8  ;  also  Jer.  11 :  19,  comp.  Isa.  53  .  7,  ^applicability  to 
all  the  passages.  Cannot  mean  Israel  to  the  exclusion  of  Mes- 
siah ^called  Israel  49  :  3,  but  distinguished  from  them  42  :  6, 
49 :  5,  6  as  their  mediator  and  restorer  ^his  atoning  death  ch. 
53.  Nor  Isaiah  or  the  prophets:  ^Mission  not  to  Gentiles,  ^ 
nor  sufferings  vicarious.  Nor  Cyrus.  Nor  even  Messiah  ex- 
clusively, for  he  is  charged  42 :  9  with  unfaithfulness  and  sin. 

1 .  Ch.  40-48.  Ch.  40  Omnipotence  of  him  who  offers  de- 
liverance, voice  crying  in  wilderness  ver.  3.  Ch.  41  contrast- 
ed impotence  of  idols  ;  they  can  do  nothing  but  God  will  raise 
up  Cyrus  and  redeem  his  people.  Ch.  42  destiny  of  God's 
servant,  which  neither  God's  seeming  apathy,  nor  his  own 
character  and  condition  shall  obstruct.  Ch.  43,  44  God  will 
certainly  befriend  his  people  in  spite  of  idols  and  diviners. 
Ch.  45-47  Cyrus  predicted  by  name,  the  humiliation  of  Baby- 
lon and  the  deliverance  of  God's  captive  people. 

XVII.  ISAIAH  CH.  49—66. 

2.  Ch.  49-57.  Ch.  49  Servant  of  Lord  complains  of  want  of 
success;  he  shall  accomplish  the  salvation  not  of  Israel  only  but 
of  the  ends  of  the  earth.  The  blessedness  thence  resulting 
49  :  12 — 56  :  8,  confirmed  by  former  benefits  viz.  :  multiplica- 
tion of  Abraham's  seed  51  : 2,  deliverance  from  Egypt  ver.  9, 
and  from  Assyria  52  : 4,  and  twice  interrupted  by  the  suffer- 
ings of  the  Servant  of  the  Lord  50  :  6  and  ch.  53.  Blessings 
flowing  from  this  vicarious  death  ch.  54,  offered  freely  to  all 
without  restriction  ch.  55,  expressly  extended  to  sons  of  strang- 
er and  those  ceremonially  debarred  from  covenant  privileges 
56  : 1-8  ;  the  heavy  doom  of  apostates  and  sinners  56  :  9 — 
57:  21. 


41 

2.  Ch.  58-66.  The  wickedness  and  hypocrisy  of  the  people 
the  cause  of  their  suffering  ch.  58,  59,  and  call  for  divine  in- 
tervention 59  :  16,  both  for  mercy  and  vengeance,  bringing  sal- 
vation to  Zion  ch.  60-62,  and  judgment  on  Edom  the  type  of 
her  foes  63  : 1-6,  The  Servant  of  the  Lord  for  the  last  time 
61 :  1-3,  comp.  Luke  4  :  18,  19,  The  prophet's  prayer  for  the 
speedy  accomplishment  of  these  things  63:7 — 64:12.  The 
Lord's  answer  ch.  65,  66,  the  wicked  shall  be  cut  off,  God's 
true  servants  preserved  and  blessed,  new  heavens  and  new 
earth,  paradise  restored,  God's  people  brought  back,  Gentiles 
made  priests,  all  flesh  worship.  Extension  of  salvation  to  Gen- 
tiles foreshadowed  in  call  of  Abraham  Gen.  12:3,  recognized 
in  Mosaic  period  Num.  14  :  21,  and  by  Psalmists  22  :  27,  28  ; 
72:  8  etc.,  and  taught  with  great  fulness  by  Isaiah  ;  this  was 
the  design  of  Hhe  appointment  of  the  Servant  of  the  Lord 
42: 1,  4,  6,  ^the  exaltation  to  be  bestowed  on  Israel  2  :  2-4; 
60  :  3,  ^the  judgments  on  the  heathen,  whether  a  the  overthrow 
of  an  empire  aspiring  to  be  universal  10  :  34 — 11  :  9,  b  the 
punishment  of  individual  nations  resulting  in  the  conversion  of 
others  18:7  or  their  own  ch.  19,  23,  or  c  the  judgment  on  all 
nations  24  :  14,  15  ;  59  :  18,  19.  Represented  as  ^  a  subjuga- 
tion 11  :  14,  ^voluntary  accession  2:3;  ll  :  10,  ^rendering 
service  14  : 1,  2  ;  49,  22,  23,  *  union  on  an  equal  footing 
19  :  24  ;  56  :  6,  8  ;  66  :  21,  ^substitution  in  place  of  the  reject- 
ed sinners  of  Israel  65  :  1,  2.  Expressed  mostly  in  0.  T. 
forms,  coming  up  to  Zion,  offering  sacrifices,  etc.,  yet  occasion- 
al intimations  of  their  temporary  character,  'physical  impossi- 
bility literally  understood  66  :  23,  ^unessential  nature  of  out- 
ward forms  1:11-15;  58:2-7,  ^removal  of  Levitical  restric- 
tions 19:19;  64:4,  5. 

XVIII.     GENUINENESS  OF  ISAIAH. 

Isa.  2 :  2-4  and  Mic.  4:1-3,  ch.  36-39  and  2  Kin.  18:13 
— 20  :  19,  hypothesis  concerning  ch.  15,  16,  see  16 :  13,  14. 
Genuineness  of  disputed  portions  :  'objections  arise  from  unbe- 
lief, ^no  external  ground,  ^allegation  of  diversity  of  style  of 
modern  da<-e,  capriciously  made,  grounds  insecure,  can  be  suc- 
cessfully rebutted,  differences  among  objectors,  ^position  in 
this  book  inexplicable,  aggravated  by  assumed  lateness  of  date 
and  diversity  of  style.  Burdens  of  Babylon  ch.  13,  14; 
21 :  1-10.  Objected  that  the  exile  is  not  predicted  but  implied ; 
'frequent  method  of  prophets,  ^had  been  predicted  before  by 
himself  and  even  by  Moses.  Proofs  of  genuineness  :  '13:1, 
3  14:24-27,  ^enigmatical  title  21:1,  *  prophetic  foresight 
though  written  in  the  exile.  Ch.  40-66.  Objected,  1.  That 
the  exile  is  represented  as  already  existing,  but  'such  repre- 
6 


42 

sentations  less  frequent  than  is  commonly  asserted,  'claimed 
as  proof  of  God's  foreknowledge  that  he  has  disclosed  these 
things,  ^other  passages  show  that  the  temple  was  still  standing 
and  its  worship  then  observed,  *  confounds  prophetic  with  ac- 
tual present.  2,  Predictions  plain  to  close  of  exile  and  vague 
thereafter.  But  *few  details  of  the  exile  or  Cyrus,  ^disclosures 
always  graduated  by  the  needs  of  the  people,  ^so  far  as  it  is 
true  it  confirms  the  genuineness.  Testimony  of  Josephus, 
Holy  One  of  Israel. 

XIX.    MICAH. 

Name,  Morasthite,  in  days  of  Jotham,  Ahaz  and  Hezekiah. 
Title  disputed  ^from  form  of  prophet's  name.  But  various 
forms  used  interchangeably  in  same  passage :  and  masoretic 
note  to  Jer.  26  :  18  no  proof  of  later  usage,  ^from  subject  of 
prophecy,  but  see  1  :  5,  6,  ^from  Jer.  26  :  18,  but  this  not  limit 
his  ministry  to  reign  of  Hezekiah,  "^from  contents  of  book, 
but  disagreement  of  those  who  allege  it ;  4  : 9,  10  not  refer  to 
carrying  away  of  Manasseh  ;  denial  of  prophetic  foresight. 

Summary  of  prophet's  ministry,  not  distinct  discourses. 
Three  sections,  ch.  1,  2,  ch.  3-5,  ch,  6,  7.  In  the  first,  judg- 
ment preponderates,  and  negative  side  of  coming  salvation. 
In  the  second,  mercy,  the  positive  salvation,  person  of  Messiah. 
In  the  third,  the  threateniugs  justified  and  promises  appropriat- 
ed. 

XX.    NAHUM. 

Name,  Elkoshite,  Capernaum  ?  Date  ^  inferred  from  posi- 
tion of  book,  "from  1 :  9-14  which  refers  not  to  captivity  of 
Manasseh  but  invasion  of  Sennacherib,  ^from  3  :  8-10,  but  the 
event  and  its  date  uncertain .  Double  title.  Three  parts,  ch. 
1  decree  of  Nineveh's  overthrow,  ch.  2  its  overthrow  described, 
ch.  3  the  reasons  of  it  and  the  certainty  of  its  accomplishment. 

CHALDEAN  PERIOD. 

Separated  from  preceding  period  by  ungodly  reigns  of  Man- 
asseh and  Amon.  Embraces  reigns  of  Josiah,  Jehoahaz,  Jehoi- 
akim,  Jehoiachin,  Zedekiah.  Great  and  growing  corruption.  1. 
Character  of  kings.  2.  Obduracy  in  the  face  of  judgments. 
3.  Persecution  of  the  prophets.  4.  Prevalence  and  influence 
of  false  prophets.  5.  Presumptuous  trust  in  covenant  privi- 
leges. Near  approach  of  judgment.  Assyria  charged  with 
work  of  menace  and  partial  infliction.  Chaldeans  with  full  ex- 
ecution of  divine  sentence.  Resemblance  to  Israel  in  preced- 
ing period,  but  diff"ers  *  kingdom  not  criminal  essentially,  2  not 
utterly  apostate,  ^  not  to  disappear  finally.  Prophecies  mainly 
denunciatory,  yet  more  room  for  consolation  positive  and  neg- 
ative. 


43 

Three  prophets,  Jeremiah,  Habakkuk,  Zephaniah.  1.  Jere- 
miah long  ministry  and  large  book  of  prophecy  :  books  of  the 
others  brief  and  ministry  probably  short.  2.  Full  details  of 
Jeremiah's  life,  nothing  recorded  of  the  others.  3.  Jeremiah 
and  Zephaniah  principally  judgment  on  Judah  :  Habakkuk 
judgment  on  Babylon.  4.  Promises  given  that  the  judgment 
should  not  destroy  but  purify,  limit  set  to  the  exile,  the  people, 
city,  kingdom  and  priesthood  should  not  perish  forever,  every 
apparent  loss  should  be  more  than  compensated,  and  the  world 
be  saved.  Sequel  to  preceding  period  in  Judah.  1.  Range  of 
foresight  not  extended.  2.  Previous  predictions  reiterated.  3. 
No  new  Messianic  revelations,  Habakkuk  negative,  Zephaniah 
positive,  Jeremiah  not  only  period  but  person  of  Messiah  cou- 
trasted  with  present  feeble  and  ungodly  kings.  All  predict 
inversion  of  existing  relation  to  the  Gentiles. 

XXI.     JEREMIAH.     PERSON  OF  THE  PROPHET. 

More  details  of  his  life  than  of  any  other  canonical  prophet. 
His  name.  Son  of  Hilkiah  priest  in  Anathoth.  Question  of 
identity  with  Hilkiah  2  Kin.  22:  4.  1.  Not  called  highpriest. 
2.  Descended  from  Ithamar  ?  but  highpriest  from  Eleazar.  3. 
Residence  in  Anathoth.  IMention  of  brothers,  uncle,  cousin, 
unmarried  16  :  2.  Anathoth  Josh.  21  :  18.  Called  in  the  13th 
year  of  Josiah,  "a  child"  1  :  6,  40  years  ministry  to  the  cap- 
ture of  Jerusalem.  Jehoahaz  and  Jehoiachin  omitted  in  the 
title.  Prophesied  after  the  fall  of  the  city,  comp.  Dan.  1  :  21. 
Three  great  providential  events.  1.  Reformation  of  Josiah. 
2.  Capture  of  Jerusalem  in  the  4th  year  of  Jehoiakim.  3.  Its 
destruction  in  the  11th  year  of  Zedekiah.  His  ministry  exer- 
cised in  Jerusalem  ;  11  :  6  no  proof  of  itineracy  :  Hostility  from 
men  of  Anathoth  ;  beaten  and  put  in  the  stocks  by  Pashur  ; 
arrested  on  charge  of  treason  ;  his  life  sought  by  Jehoiakim ; 
imprisoned  and  thrust  into  a  filthy  dungeon.  Release  on  the 
capture  of  the  city,  continued  with  the  remnant  left  m  Palestine, 
carried  by  them  to  Egypt.  Legends  respecting  him.  Expecta- 
tion of  his  reappearance  Mat.  10  :  14.  Typical  character.  His 
writings.  Talmudic  order.  Isaiah  after  Jeremiah  and  Ezekiel. 
Lightfoot's  explanation  of  Mat.  27  :  9.     Hebrew  deteriorated. 

XXII.     TEXT  AND  PLAN  OF  JEREMIAH. 

Discrepancies  between  Hebrew  and  Greek  text,  abbrevia- 
tions, additions,  alterations,  transpositions,  remarked  by  Ori- 
gen  and  Jerome.  Theories  of  Egyptian  and  Palestine  editions 
of  the  original.  Due  to  the  translator  'their  character,  *inac- 
curacies  and  arbitrary  changes  in  other  books,  ^2  Chron.  36  : 
20.     Prophecies    not    in    chronological    order :    Lightfoot  and 


r 


44 

Blaney  assume  accidental  dislocation.  EicWiorn's  hypothesis. 
1.  Disorder  falsely  assumed.  2.  Devoid  of  evidence.  3.  Con- 
tents of  Baruch's  roll  unknown.  4.  Mechanical,  Reaction 
among  critics.  The  book  in  its  present  form  proceeded  from  the 
prophet  himself,  shown  by  the  analogy  of  other  prophets,  ab- 
sence of  proof  to  the  contrary,  recorded  fact  of  his  having  re- 
duced his  prophecies  to  writing,  the  use  of  1st  person  particu- 
larly in  headings  "and  formulas  of  transition.  The  arrange- 
ment topical,  hinted  27  :  12.  Not  written  piecemeal  in  the 
course  of  his  ministry,  but  a  continuous  composition  prepared 
at  its  close.  1.  Prophecies  of  different  periods  put  together, 
those  of  the  same  period  dispersed.  2.  Prophecies  accompa- 
nied by  remarks  made  at  a  later  period.  3.  Allusions  to  suc- 
ceeding portions  of  the  book.  4.  Systematic  disposition  of  the 
matter. 

Three  sections  with  a  historical  appendix  ch.  52.  I.  ch.  1- 
33  Prediction  of  the  judgment  and  the  restoration.  II.  ch.  34- 
45  History  of  the  judgment.  III.  ch.  4G-51  Predictions  res- 
pecting foreign  nations.  First  section  subdivided.  1.  ch.  1 - 
20  General  denunciation  of  Judah.  2.  ch.  21-23  Civil  and  re- 
ligious leaders.  3.  ch.  24-29  Design  and  duration  of  the  judg- 
ment. 4.  ch.  30-33  Blessings  which  would  follow.  Threaten- 
ing preponderates  but  a  few  words  of  promise  in  each  division 
till  the  last.  In  No.  1  not  separate  discourses,  but  continuous 
treatment  of  one  theme  ;  no  date  except  3  :  6.  Second  section. 
1.  ch.  84-38  Evidences  of  ripeness  for  judgment.  2.  ch.  39 
Destruction  of  the  city.  3.  ch.  40-45  Fortunes  of  the  rem- 
nant. No  promise  to  the  people,  only  one  in  each  division  to 
individuals,  the  Rechabites  35  :  18-19,  Ebed-melech  39  :  15-18, 
Baruch  ch.  45. 

XXIir.     CONTENTS  OF  JEREMIAH. 

Abounds  in  symbols.  ^  Visions  :  almond  tree  1  :  11,  12, 
seething-pot  1  :  13,  14,  baskets  of  figs  ch.  24,  wine  cup  25  :  15. 
^Actions  :  girdle  13  :  1-11,  potter's  vessels  18  :  1-6,  bottle  bro- 
ken 19:  1-13,  yoke  27:  1-11,  field  purchased  32  :  6-15,  Rec- 
habites  ch.  35,  stones  in  the  brick-kiln  43  :  8-10,  book  sunk  in 
the  Euphrates  51  :  59-64.  ^  Names.  Magor-missabib  20  :  3, 
Shallum  22:  11,  Coniah  22:  24,  new  application  of  Jehoiakim 
and  Zedekiah  23  :  5,  6,  Sheshach  25  :  26,  '  the  midst  of  them 
that  rise  up  against  me' 51:  1,  Merathaim,  Pekod  50  :  21.  I. 
1-  Chap,  1  introductory,  describes  character  of  his  ministry  first 
literally,  then  symbolically  in  two  visions.  Ch.  2-20  divided 
by  headings  into  three  parts.  (1.)  Ch.  1-6  argument  of  doom, 
a  2  : 1-3  :  5  Judah  guilty  of  forsaking  Jehovah.  5  3:6-4:2 
Worse  than  Israel,  c  4  :  3-6:  20  To  be  visited  with  desolation 
and  exile.     (2.)  Ch.  7-23  His    covenant    privileges    could    not 


45 

save  him.  (3.)  Ch,  14-20  His  doom  terrible  and  inevitable. 
Promise  in  (1.)^  to  Israel,  Judah  incidentally  included  to  inti- 
mate the  proximate  judgment.  Restoration  individualized,  pas- 
stors  according  to  God's  heart,  multiplication,  the  ark  super- 
seded, cessation  of  the  schism.  In  (2.)  the  temple  would  not  save 
them  7  :  4,  nor  their  sacrifices  7  :  21,  nor  their  possession  of  the 
law  8  :  8,  nor  the  presence  of  God  8  :  19,  nor  their  circumcision 
9  :  25,  26.  Promise  to  the  heathen  12  :  14-17,  they  shall  be  in- 
corporated .  among  God's  people  :  only  incidentally  to  Judah, 
whose  exclusive  privileges  are  withdrawn.  Bearing  on  literal- 
ism. Promise  in  (3.)  of  distant  mercy  in  a  form  implying  the 
nearer  judgment  16  :  14,  15.  I.  2.  ch.  21-23.  Sentence  pas- 
sed upon  Zedekiah  and  his  unworthy  predecessors,  with  the  con- 
trast of  future  faithful  shepherds  and  especially  Messiah  ;  also 
upon  the  religious  leaders.  I.  3.  ch.  24-29  Purpose  and  dura- 
tion of  exile  declared  in  the  reign  of  Jehoiakim,  that  of  Zede- 
kiah, and  to  the  captives. 

.    XXiV.     CONTENTS  OF  JEREMIAH.     (Concludid.) 

I.  4.  ch.  30-33.  Blessings.  Two  parts  ch.  30,  31  Restora- 
tion of  theocracy,  new  potency,  perpetuity  in  literal  terms  and 
under  figure  of  rebuilding  Jerusalem  with  enlarged  dimensions. 
Belong  not  to  Israel  as  a  nation  but  as  people  of  God.  ^  In- 
spired application  Heb.  8  :  8  etc.,  10  :  15  etc,  ^  prophet's  teach- 
ings elsewhere.  God's  promises  not  bound  by  nationality  irre- 
spective of  character  18  : 6-10,  the  true  Israel  preserved  in 
the  faithful  few  notwithstanding  the  rejection  of  the  unbeliev- 
ing mass  S  :  14,  24  ;  4-10,  and  the  building  of  heathen  in  the 
midst  of  God's  people  12  :  6,  the  superseding  of  covenant  on 
stone  31 '  33  and  of  ark  3  :  16  implies  cessation  of  the  peculiar 
sacredness  of  the  places  they  had  hallowed.  Chaps.  32,  33 
Promise  of  restoration  and  righteous  son  of  David  repeated, 
with  the  addition  ^of  perpetuity  of  royalty  and  priesthood  33  ; 
17,  18  secures  from  extirpation  not  interruption,  "  immense 
multiplication  of  the  royal  and  priestly  families  33  :  22.  Seed 
of  David,  triple  fulfilment  :  in  Zerubbabel,  etc.,  in  Christ,  in 
all  God's  people.  For  ^  perpetuity  of  the  kingdom  not  require 
such  a  multitude  of  descendants,  ^  literal  sense  preposterous, 
^  terms  identical  with  the  promise  to  Abraham,  *  Israel's  ori- 
ginal destiny  Ex.  19  :  6,  ^  1  Pet.  2  : 9,  Rev.  1  :  6,  5 :  10.  The 
Priesthood  analogous  fulfilment :  priests  returning  after  cap- 
tivity, Christ,  entire  people  of  God.  1.  Stress  on  perpetuity  of 
priesthood,  the  line  of  descent  unessential.  2.  Elsewhere  inti- 
mates abolition  of  old  economy,  which  implies  a  change  of  out- 
ward forms.  3.  Isa.  61:6,  66:21.  4.  Providence  of  God. 
5.   Teachings  of  N.  T.     6.  Admitted  by  literalists. 

II.  1,  ch.  34-38  facts  adduced  as  specimens  and  evidences  of 


46 

the  prevailing  corruption.  Hebrew  servants  ch.  34.  Reehab- 
ites  ch.  35,  Jehoiakim  ch.  36,  Zedekiah  ch.  37,  38,  2.  ch.  39 
Destruction  of  city.  3.  ch.  40-45  the  wretched  remnant,  cloa- 
ing  with  personal  promise  to  Baruch. 

III.  ch.  46-51,  Probably  in  chronological  order.  Promises 
to  Egypt,  Moab,  Ammon  and  Elam  ;  none  to  Babylon  51 :  65. 
Ch.  52  historical  appendix,  perhaps  added  by  another.  1.  Jer. 
51 :  64.  2.  Similar  narrative  in  ch.  39.  3.  Date  of  52  :  31- 
34  twenty-six  years  after  the  destruction  of  the  city.  4.  Coin- 
cidence with  2  Kings.  Contains  no  mention  of  return  from 
exile.  Jeremiah's  adoption  of  language  of  preceding  books, 
especially  ch.  48  Moab,  49  :  7  etc.,  Edom :  affords  incidental 
proof  of  their  genuineness  :  variations  not  arise  from  corruption 
of  text. 

LAMENTATIONS. 
One  of  five  Megilloth,  in  Hagiographa  or  after  Jeremiah, 
catalogues  of  canon.  Hebrew,  Greek  and  Latin  names.  Not 
composed  with  reference  to  death  of  Josiah  2  Chron.  35  :  25, 
nor  on  occasion  of  his  death  with  foresight  of  destruction  of 
city,  but  on  occurrence  of  this  latter  event.  Five  sections  of 
one  chapter  each  ;  all  alphabetical  but  the  last  ;  ch.  3  triple 
recurrence  of  each  letter  ;  ch.  2,  3,  4  transposition  of  Ayin  and 
Pe.  Not  distinct  elegies  relating  to  successive  stages  of  Je- 
rusalem's overthrow.  Written  by  Jeremiah,  ^unanimous  voice 
of  tradition,  verse  prefixed  in  LXX  and  Vulgate,  Josephus, 
Origin,  Jerome,  Talmud,  ^correspondence  with  character  of 
prophet,  coincidences  in  statement  of  facts  and  forms  of  ex- 
pression, ^no  ground  for  disputing  it. 

XXV.    HABAKKUK. 

Name.  Levitical  descent  inferred  from  3  :  19.  Date  ^be- 
fore the  Chaldean  invasions  which  yet  were  to  occur  in  that 
generation,  ^the  temple  standing  2  :  20,  and  its  worship  not 
suspended  3  :  19,  ^ order  of  minor  Prophets.  Probably  soon 
after  12th  year  of  Josiah.  The  mention  of  Chaldeans  and 
their  ravages  does  not  prove  it  to  belong  to  reign  of  Jehoiakim 
or  Zedekiah,  ^prophetic  foresight,  ^ these  atrocities  future  1 :  6, 
^events  referred  to  which  are  much  later  than  this.  Apocry- 
phal legend.  Divisions  :  The  first  complaint  1  :  2-4.  The 
Lord's  response  1 :  5-11.  The  second  complaint  1  :  12—2  : 1. 
The  Lord's  response  2  :  2-20.  The  triumph  ch.  3.  The  in- 
justice  and  oppression  in  Judah  to  be  punished  by  the  Chal- 
deans and  the  Chaldeans  to  be  punished  by  their  overthrow. 
The  burden  2  :  4-20,  consisting  of  a  brief  preamble  and  five 
woes  in  successive  stanzas.  Messianic  passage  in  the  third. 
Ch.  3  a  lyrical   recapitulation,  resemblance  to  the  Psalms  in 


47 

style,  artistic  form,  title,  subscription  and  Selah.  Applied  by 
the  fathers  to  the  advent  and  work  of  Christ.  Bengel's  chron- 
ological hypothesis  ver.  2  ;  vs.  8-15  not  historical,  ^diversity 
in  the  explanation  of  details,  ^disproportionate  length,  ^tense 
of  opening  verb  ver.  3  (Hebrew).  Prophetic  of  a  divine  de- 
scent to  judgment,  which  is  to  include  whatever  was  most 
grand  in  former  manifestations  of  God,  directed  against  the 
Chaldeans  and  all  other  foes.  Convulsions  of  nature  poetic 
and  emblematic  or  suggestive  of  the  final  judgment. 

XXVI.    ZEPHANIAH. 

Habakkuk  describes  judgment  on  Chaldeans ;  Zephaniah  a 
universal  judgment,  in  which  however  no  allusion  is  made  to 
the  Chaldeans  who  are  viewed  not  as  objects  but  as  execution- 
ers of  God's  wrath.  It  has  special  reference  to  the  unfaithful 
in  Judah,  and  inferior  contiguous  nations  from  whose  fate  as 
in  Amos  an  argument  of  Judah's  doom  is  derived  3  :  6-8. 
Zephaniah  and  Jeremiah  more  frequent  allusions  to  former 
Scriptures  than  Habakkuk.  Zephaniah's  ancestry  traced 
through  four  degrees,  to  Hezekiah,  probably  the  king,  ^identi- 
ty of  name,  '^traced  to  so  remote  an  ancestor,  ^correspondence 
with  the  date.  Objections  that  he  is  not  explicitly  called  king 
and  that  no  such  son  of  king  Hezekiah  is  mentioned  in  the 
history.  Date  1  : 1  probably  after  Josiah's  twelfth  year. 
Other  criteria  inconclusive;  2  :  13  predicted  desolation  of  Nin- 
eveh; 1:4  "remnant  of  Baal,"  cutting  of  Chemarim  ;  1:8 
"the  king's  children"  ;  3  :4  "the  law,"  Ch.  1  universal  and 
sweeping  judgment  with  particular  application  to  the  wicked 
in  Judah  vs.  4-13,  exhortation  to  seek  the  Lord  as  the  only 
means  of  escape  2  : 1-3,  enforced  by  judgments  on  other  na- 
tions, exhibited  in  three  stanzas  of  four  verses  each,  Philistia 
in  the  west,  Moab  and  Ammon  in  the  east,  Ethiopia  and  As- 
syria in  the  south  and  north.  In  the  middle  stanza  Messianic 
allusion  as  in  Habukkuk.  Application  to  Jerusalem  3  :  1-8. 
Promissory  conclusion  vs.  9-20.  The  heathen  shall  possess  a 
pure  language  and  take  part  in  the  restoration  of  God's  peo- 
ple.    Purity  and  blessedness  of  Israel. 

XXVII.    PERIOD  OF  THE  EXILE. 

The  course  of  degeneracy  violently  terminated.  The  people 
sifted  and  the  better  portion  carried  captive,  ^  overruling  provi- 
dence of  God,  2  natural  causes  in  a  the  disposition  of  the  peo- 
ple, h  the  intentions  of  the  Chaldeans.  Influence  needed  upon 
the  people  and  on  their  behalf;  the  former  exerted  by  Ezekiel, 
the  latter  by  Daniel  at  the  court  of  Babylon,  hence  in  Hagiog- 
rapha.  Exile  began  in  4th  year  of  Johoiakim,  its  early  portion 
a  transition  period  ;   denunciatory  until  the  fall  of  Jerusalem, 


48 

after  that  consolatory.  Ezekiel  a  priest,  Daniel  of  royal  de- 
scent ;  influence  on  their  respective  ministries  and  symbols. 
Exactness  of  dates  ;  Babylonish  influence  ;  date  of  Messiah's 
advent.  Previous  limitation  of  prophetic  foresight  to  the  judg- 
ment wrought  by  or  upon  Babylon.  Range  now  extended  to 
the  future  troubles  of  Israel  and  the  succession  of  empires 
until  Messiah's  advent. 

EZEKIEL     (Begun.) 

Few  details  of  his  life.  Name.  Carried  captive  with  Je- 
hoiachin,  8  years  after  Daniel.  Ministry  began  5th  year  Je- 
hoiachin's  captivity  (this  dated  from  rather  than  Zedekiah's 
reign),  the  year  after  Jeremiah's  message  Jer.  51  :  59  ;  in  30th 
year  of  his  age  Num.  4  :  3,  not  from  first  year  of  Nabopolassar, 
nor  from  last  jubilee,  nor  T8th  year  of  Josiah,  ^no  proof  that 
these  were  eras,  ^no  other  date  in  the  book  reckoned  from 
them,  ^if  intended  they  would  "have  been  mentioned.  At  Tel- 
abib  by  the  Chebar,  same  as  Habor  2  Kiri.  17:6,  married 
24  :  18.  Duration  of  ministry  uncertain  ;  latest  date  27th 
year  of  Jehoiachin's  captivity  29  :  17.  Eff'ect  of  his  .labours 
shown  in  ^frequent  consultation  by  elders  and  others  8:1; 
14  :  1,  etc.,  2 freedom  in  uttering  his  reproofs,  ^ moral  change 
eff"ected  during  the  exile.  His  Hebrew  more  anomalies  and 
foreign  forms  than  that  of  Daniel,  who  uses  both  Hebrew  and 
Chaldee. 

I.  Before  the  capture  of  Jerusalem  ch.  1-24  denunciatory. 
II.  Respecting  foreign  natioi  s  ch.  25-32.  III.  After  the 
capture  of  Jerusalem  ch.  33-48  promissory.  Opening  vision 
1 :  1—3  :  15  like  Isa.  6  and  Rev.  4  based  on  cherubim  over  the 
ark.  Design  not  merely  to  make  an  impression  of  majesty  and 
glory  but  as  preparation  for  this  specific  message.  The  Mosaic 
symbol  its  general  signification  :  The  God  of  creation  and  of 
temple  present  in  profane  land  of  captivity  and  about  to  make 
a  communication  to  the  prophet.  Modifications,  its  particular 
application :  ^  life  and  swiftness,  -fire,  wrath,  qualified  by 
rainbow  of  the  covenant.  Verbal  commission  and  symbol  of 
roll  2  :  9 — 3  :  3,  comp.  Rev.  10  :  9.  After  seven  days  connect- 
ed prophecy  to  end  of  chap.  7  :  Responsibilities  of  his  ofl5ce, 
four  symbolic  actions  followed  by  denunciation  in  literal  terms. 
*  tile,  besieged  city,  warfare,  ^  lie  bound  390  and  40  days.  Lit- 
eral performance  physically  impossible,  out  of  proportion  to 
the  end,  weaken  the  impression,  chronological  difficulty.  Not 
represent  days  of  siege,  with  which  they  do  not  correspond,  and 
the  days  stand  for  years  4  :  G,  either  of  sin  or  punishment ;  how 
reckoned,  ^  bread,  *  hair. 

XXVIII.    EZEKIEL.     (Concluded.) 

.    Oh.  8-11,  one  year  later.     Presumption  of  inhabitants  of  Je- 


49 

nisalcm :  effect  on  exiles.,  I.  The  cvimes  of  Jerusalem  andili 
'Certain  destruction  8  :  1 — 11  :  13.  2.  Tlie  exiles  arc  God's 
true  covenant  people  11  ;  14-21.  Profanation  of  temple,  not 
perhaps  acraal,  scenes  of  single  idolatrous  festival,  or  various 
forms  of  iTiolatry  gathered  tliere,  but  ideal  cop.centration.  '^ 
Lev.  10:16,  19, '' Ex.  20 :  3,  '^temple  waa  Judalvs  place  of 
M'orship,  ^justified  by  actitnl  profanation  at  different  times. 
Image  of  jealousy,  chamberof  »magerv  Jaa?:^aniah,  Tammuz,  five 
and  twenty  men.  Six  men  with  the  man  in  linen.  Five  and 
tTrenty  men  at  the  east  gate,  Pelatiak  son  of  IJenainh.  Prom- 
ises to  exiles,  'G^id  v,'ill  be  a  sanctuary  to  them  11  :  16,  '^ 
bring  them  back  to  land  of  Israel  ver,  17,  "give  them  a  new 
heart  ver.  19.  Glory  of  God  forsakes  the  temple.  Denuncia- 
tions continued  until  the  day  that  Jerusalem  is  besieged  ch.  24, 
Seven  foreign  nations  ch,  2.3-32.  Amnion,  Moab,  Edom,  Phib 
istia,  Tyre,  Zidon,  Egypt.  Promises  I.  Deliverance  from  foe? 
<?h  33—39,  II.  Restoration  of  the  theocracy  ch.  40-48.  I. 
Evening  preceding  news  of  fall  of  cit}-,  second  formal  call  of 
prophet  ch.  33,  deliverance-  from  wicked  rulers,  David  their 
shepherd  ch,  34,  from  present  foes,  Edom  denounced,  contrast- 
od  blessedness  of  Israel,  valley  of  dry  bones,  union  of  the  two 
sticks  ch.  35-37,  from  future  foes,  Gog  and  Magog  ch.  38,  39. 
II.  Fourteenth  year  after  the  cit}'  was  smitten,  1st  month  and 
lOth  da}^.  Not  literal  whether  a  historical,  for  ^not  correspond 
.  with  what  had  existed,  -unmeaning,  "'evidentl}'  relates  to  fu- 
ture, nor  b  mandatory,  for  not  followed  by  returning  exiles,  nor 
e  prophetic,  contrary  to  declarations  of  N.  T.  atid,  intimations 
of  0.  T.  ;  Jewish  ritual  abolished  by  sacrifice  of  Christ  and  by 
providence  of  God.  But  ideal  and  sym^bolical.  1.  The  actual 
temple  symbolical  :  made  use  of  symbolically  by  Ezekiel  else- 
Avhere,  Jer.  31  :  38-40,  etc.  2.  Yields  a  good  sense.  3.  Phys- 
ical impossibility  of  literal  sense,      4,  Ilev,  21.  22. 

1.  ch,  40-43  :  12  measurements  ot  the  temple.  Reestablish- 
ment  of  kingdom  of  God.  ^  Enlarged  dimensions.  ^  promi- 
nence given  to  subordinate  pnrts.  Glory  of  God  enters  it.  2. 
43  :  13-47  :  12  restored  worship,  stream  flowing  from  temple. 
3.  47  :  13-48  :  35  division  of  the  land,  ^uniform  and  regular, 
-  divinely  ordered.  Clear  instance  of  0.  T.  objects  used  to  set 
forth  N.  T.  things. 

XXIX.     DANIKL.     (Begux.) 

Name,  descent,  events  of  his  life,  referred  to  by  Ezekiel  l4  : 
14,  28  ;  3  kingdoms  of  the  world  in  conflict  with  the  kingdom 
of  God.  I.  ch.  1-6  individual,  historical.  II.  ch.  7-12  na- 
tional, prophetic,  Chaldee  2  :  4-7  :  28  and  Hebrew.  Genuine- 
ness denied  on  sceptical  grounds  by  Celsus,  Porphyry,  English 
7 


flelsts,  German  critics,  referred  to  times  of  MaccaBees.  Objec- 
tions 1.  "Greek  Avorcls,  Hheir  number  exafrgern ted,  ^  readily  ac- 
sounted  for,  ^^like  charge  against  still  older  bo&ks  of  Bible,  * 
abandoned  as  anteaablc,  2.  Position  in  Canon.  ^Division  of 
canon  not  chronological,  "  Jewish  tradition,  ^accounts  for  no- 
thing, true  explanation,  o.  Needless  multiplication  of  mira- 
cles. But  ^  needed  by  people,  ^  prepared  the  way  for  their 
restoration,  •''present  effect  on  the  heathen,  '^future  consolation, 
4,  Definite  dates  and  minute  details  of  the  prophecies.  ^  Nat- 
uralistic views,  "explicitness  of  other  prophecies,  70  years  cap- 
tivity, 65  years  Ephraim,  3  years  Moab,  15  years  Ilezekiah^ 
fall  of  Babylon,  Zechariali»9  :  13  same  conS'iet  -VTithliingdom  of 
Greece,  '"'provide  for  the  future  wants  of  the  people.  5.  Defi- 
nite predictions  only  to  death  of  Antiochus  ;  Hike  limitation 
in  other  prophecies,  eT;vcob,  Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  Ezekiel,  Zecha- 
riah,  ^  date  of  Messiah''s  advent,  rise  of  Roman  empire.  6. 
Selfdaudation,  but  ^so  Moses,  Paul,  ^impartiality  of  sacred 
writers,  ^Daniel  relates  facts  or  repeats  words  of  others. 
Proofs  of  genuinenesa,  1.  Purports  to  have  been  written  by 
Daniel ;  1st  person  in  second  part,  and  unity  of  the  whole 
shown  by  ccnsistent  plan,  like  expressions,  reciprocal  allusions, 
change  of  language  ;,  can  neither  be  fiction  nor  fraud.  2. 
Canon  closed  in  tinie  of  Ezra  and  Nehemiah.  3.  Our  Lord 
son  of  man,  kingdom  of  heaven  Mat.  24  :  15,  30  ;  26  :  04, 
John  5  :  28,  20,  Apostlea  Ileb.  11 :  33,  34,  1  Cor.  6 :  2,  2  Thes. 
2  :  3,  1  Pet.  1 :  10-12,  Revelation. 

XXX.  DAXIEL.  (CoxcLUDED.) 
4,  Josephns,  1  Maccabees,  Greek  version.  5.  Character  of 
the  Hebrew,  of  the  Chaldee,  use  of  both  languages  as  in  Ezra. 
G.  Acquaintance  with  tlie  history,  shewn  in  character  of 
Daniel,  Nebuchadnezzar,  Darius,  Belshazzar,  no  error.in  dates, 
Nebuchadnezzar's  adorning  Babylon,  prophetic  dream,  insanity, 
circumstances  of  Babylon's  capture,  Darius  the  Mede,  120 
princes,  Modes  and  Persians,  Persians  and  Modes.  7.  KnoAV- 
ledge  of  customs  ;  land  of  Shinar  1  : 2,  fed  from  king's  table, 
changing  names  of  Daniel  and  his  companions,  years  of  Nebu- 
chadnezzar's reign,  punishments,  colossal  image,  music,  women 
at  entertainments,  gold  chain,  king's  edicts  immutable,  the 
magi.  8.  Abundance  of  symbols  as  in  Ezekiel;  book  incon- 
sistent with  assumed  Maccabean  origin.  General  disclosure  of 
future  in  ch.  2  Nebuchadnezzar's  dream,  and  ch.  7  vision  of 
f  jur  beasts,  lion  with  eagle's  wings,  bear  with  three  ribs,  leo- 
pard with  four  wings  and  four  heads  and  nondescript  wuth  ten 
horns  and  a  little  horn.  Avoid  prediction  of  Roman  empire 
a  by  dividing  Medo-Persian.  But  ^this  but  one  empire,  mere 
change  of  reigning   family,  -always  so  spoken  of  by   profane 


and  sacred  writers,  Esther,  Dan.  5 :  28  ;  6:18;  12  :  15,  -"leo- 
pard with  four  beads  not  answer  to  Persian  empire  ;  h  separate 
empire  of  Alexander  from  that  of  his  successors.  But  ^four 
beads  represent  empire  broken  into  four  parts,  5 fourth  empire 
stronger  and  more  terrible  than  its  predecessors,  comp.  8  :  22  ; 
11  :  4,  -'no  explanation  of  the  ten  horns.  Ch.  8-12  supple- 
mentary. Ch.  8  ram  and  hcgoat.  Ch.  9,  seventy  weeks, 
reckoned  from  mission  of  Nehemiali  in  20th  year  of  Artaxerxes 
Longimanus  :  in  7  weeks  rebuilding  of  city  in  troublous  times  ; 
after  69  weeks  Messiah's  public  appearance  ;  in  midst  of  last 
week  his  effectual  sacrifice  followed  by  destruction  of  the  city 
and  sanctuary.  Ch.  10-12  prediction  in  literal  terms  of  over- 
throw, of  Persian  empire  by  Alexander,  division  of  Macedo- 
nian empire  on  his_  death,  persecutions  of  Antiochus,  relieved 
by  the  brightness  of  the  future,  the  rcsiirrection  and  eternal 
glory.  Reluctant  testimony  of  skeptics  to  truth  of  the  pro- 
phecies, Apocryphal  sections  in  LXX. 

XXXI.     IIAGGAT. 

Sifting  of  the  people  at  close  of  exile  as  at  the  loeginning. 
Haggai  and  Zechariah  cheer  them  under  present  trials  and 
discouragements,  by  shewing  Hhe  future  splendour  of  theoc- 
racy in  contrast  with  its  present. low  estate,  "the  altered  con- 
dition and  disposition  of  heathen  powers.  Zechariah  also 
prepares  them  for  additional  troubles  in  the  future,  and  declares 
how  signally  they  would  be  delivered  out  of  them.  Malachi 
is  occupied  not  with  their  external  condition  but  taeir  iuAvard 
spiritual  state.  liaggai,  mentioned  Ezra  5:1;  6  :  14,  dura- 
tion of  ministry,  age,  four  discourses  in  second  year  of  Darius. 
First  ch.  1  to  Zerubbabel  and  Joshua,  building  the  temple,  its 
effect.  Second  2  :  1-0,  shake  heavens  and  earth,  desire  of  all 
nations,  glory  of  latter  and  of  former  house.  Third  2  :  10-19 
related  to  first,  every  thing  vitiated  by  their  former  neglect, 
God's  blessing  attended  their  reviving  zeal.  Fourth,  2  :  20-23, 
related  to  second,  in  shaking  all  nations,  Zerubbabel  the  repre- 
sentative of  royal  house  of  David  protected. 

XXXII.     ZEUHAIITAU.     (Bkgux.) 

Name,  parentage,  priestly  descent,  age,  beginning  of  minis- 
try, its  duration,  Mat.  23:35.  Three  parts:  1.  Ch.  1-6 
series  of  visions.  2.  Ch.  7,  8,  answer  to  a  question  proposed 
by  the  people.  3.  Ch.  9-14  prophecies  in  literal  terms  relat- 
ing to  future  fortunes  of  God's  people.  Difficulty  in  the  cita- 
tion Mat.  27  :  9  ;  various  solutions,  Zechariah  not  the  author, 
error  in  transcription,  a  peculiar  order  of  the  prophets,  com- 
bined reference  to  two  passages.  Genuineness  of  Ch.  9-14  : 
objections    ^ style   and  character,  "incidental  allusions,  Judah 


and  Israel  11  :  14  or  Epliraim  0  :  13  :  10 :  0,  7  ;  but  see  1  :  VJ, 
8  :  13,  Ezek.  37  :  IG  ;  king  of.  Gaza  0  :  5,  Assyria  and  Egypt 
10:  10,  11,  idolatry  10:  2;  13  :  2.  No  allusion  to  any  king  in 
Judah.  Position  in  tliis  book  not  explicable  otherwise.  I, 
Ch.  1-6  eight  visions.  First,  1  -.7-17  mun  on  red  horse;  sec- 
ond, 1  :  8-21  four  horns  and  carpenters  ;  third,  ch.  2,  measur- 
ing line;  fourth,  ch,  3,  high  priest"  in  filthy  garmenrs ;  fifth, 
ch?  4,  candlestick  and  tv,-o  olive  trees;  sixth,  5:1-4,  flying 
roll;  seventh,  5  :  5-11,  woman  in  an  ephah  ;  eighth,  6:1-8, 
chariots  issuing  from  bet^Yeen  two  mountains.  Symbolical  ra- 
tion, 6  :  9-15,  the  croAvned  priest. 

XXXIIL  ZPXfiARIAn.  (CoxcLUOKn.) 
II.  Ch.  7,  8,  Continued  observance  of  fasts,  7  :  4-14  rebuke 
of  spirit  in  Avhich  they  hnd  been  kept,  ch.  8  happy  future.  III. 
ch,  9-14  Scenes  from  future  fortunes  of  God's  people  from  theis 
protection  in  the  time  cf  Alexander  to  final  overthrow  of  all 
enemies,  Ch.  9  Burden  of  Iladyach,  pledge  of  protection  vs. 
9,  10  in  Zion's  King,  Maccabean  deliverance  ver.  13.  Ch.  11. 
Desolation  of  land  vs.  1-3,  its  predicted  cause  vs.  4-14,  the 
treatment  of  the  good  shepherd,  Ueauty  and  Bands,  three  shep- 
herds cut  oft*,  his  price  ;  vs.  15-17  abandoned  to  foolish  slicp- 
herd.  Ch.  12,  13  Jerusalem  assailed,  delivered,  outpouiing  of 
spirit,  mourning  by  families,  fountain  opened,  sin  abandoned  : 
judgment  to  follow  the  smiting  of  the  shepherd,  Ch.  14  Jeru- 
salem besieged  by  all  nations,  taken,  miraculous  rescue,  living 
waters,  judgment  on  gathered  foes,  universal  consecration. 

MALACfll. 

Name,  date,  self-righteousness  of  people  ^claiming  that  they 
had  fulfilled  their  duty,  -demanding  a  better  recom.pense.  '1  wo 
parts  :  I.  1 :  2-2  :  16  their  obligations  and  sins  ;  «  1  :  2-5  their 
obligations  to  God,  b  1  :  6-2  :  9  sins  directly  against  God,  c  2  : 
10-16  against  their  brethren.  II.  2  :  17-4  :  6  the  judgment  and 
recompense  ;  a  2  :  17-3  •  6  severity  of  the  test  which  the  Lord 
shall  apply  at  his  com'ing  ;  messenger  to  prepare  the  way.  Angel 
of  the  covenant.  Christ  contemplated  not  as  a  redeemer  but  a 
judge  ;  5  3:  7-12  their  desert  of  the  curse  with  which  they  had 
ijeen  visite4,  c  3  :13-4  :  6  distinction  to  be  made  between  the 
righteous  and  the  wicked.  Elijah ;  the  last  of  the  prophets  ends 
with  the  announcement  of  the  herald  of  the  new  dispensation. 


*- 


p 


_PAMPHIET  BINDER 

■    Syracuse,  N.   Y. 
=    Stockton,  Calif. 


DATE  DUE 

vuOSCriK7~' 

CArLORD 

v^ 


BS1141.G79 

Special  literature  of  the  Old  Testament 

Princeton  Theological  Seminary-Speer  Library 


1    1012  00038  3150 


^^^< 


*^^*^«t 


